In a 4 to 5 page double-spaced APA-formatted paper, thoroughly examine each of t

Question

In a 4 to 5 page double-spaced APA-formatted paper, thoroughly examine each of the following questions/topics (be sure to properly cite and reference your sources whether from your textbooks, supplemental sources, or other research):

1. Discuss the importance of the Belmont Report in conducting social science research.

2. Provide an overview of the history of conducting ethical research from the eighteenth century to the twenty-first century.

3. In addition to the most current APA Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct, select one other ethics code from a professional social science association. Analyze how both ethical codes provide guidance to social scientists in conducting and using research in his or her professional practice.

4. Explain how to identify when social science research is conducted appropriately or not.

5. Explain the importance of an Institutional Review Board for protecting subjects whether animal or human in social science research.

Explanation / Answer

1.The Belmont Report attempts to summarize the basic ethical principles identified by the Commission in the course of its deliberations.It is a statement of basic ethical principles and guidelines that should assist in resolving the ethical problems that surround the conduct of research with human subjects.The National Research Act created the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research; this organization was developed to identify the basic ethical principles that should be followed when conducting not only biomedical research, but behavioral research involving human subjects as well, and to develop systems to make sure the guidelines were being followed.This commission wrote the Belmont Report in 1979, a foundational document in for the ethics of human subjects research in the United States.The Belmont Report established three basic ethical principles - 1)respect for persons, 2)beneficence, and 3)justice - which are the cornerstone for regulations involving human subjects.

2.Prior to 1906, when the Pure Food and Drug Act was passed, there were no regulations regarding the ethical use of human subjects in research.A well-known chapter in the history of research with human subjects opened on December 9, 1946, when an American military tribunal opened criminal proceedings against 23 leading German physicians and administrators for their willing participation in war crimes and crimes against humanity.Among the charges were that German physicians conducted medical experiments on thousands of concentration camp prisoners without their consent.Most of the subjects of these experiments died or were permanently crippled as a result.As a direct result of the trial, the Nuremberg Code was established in 1948, stating that "The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential,"making it clear that subjects should give consent and that the benefits of research must outweigh the risks.although it did not carry the force of law, the Nuremberg Code was the first international document which advocated voluntary participation and informed consent.

U.S. Senate hearings followed and in 1962 the so-called "Kefauver Amendments" to the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act were passed into law to ensure drug efficacy and greater drug safety. For the first time, drug manufacturers were required to prove to FDA the effectiveness of their products before marketing them.Tuskegee Syphilis Study (1932-1972). An equally well known chapter in history occurred during a research project conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service. Six hundred low-income African-American males, 400 of whom were infected with syphilis, were monitored for 40 years. Free medical examination were given but the patients were not known about the disease.The study was stopped in 1973 by the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare only after its existence was publicized and it became a political embarrassment. In 1997, under mounting pressure, President Clinton apologized to the study subjects and their families.

In 1964, the World Medical Association established recommendations guiding medical doctors in biomedical research involving human subjects. The Declaration governs international research ethics and defines rules for "research combined with clinical care" and "non-therapeutic research." The Declaration of Helsinki was revised in 1975, 1983, 1989 and 1996 and is the basis for Good Clinical Practices used today.

National Research Act (1974 ). Due to the publicity from the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, the National Research Act of 1974 was passed. The National Research Act created the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, which was charged to identify the basic ethical principles that should underlie the conduct of biomedical and behavioral research involving human subjects and to develop guidelines which should be followed to assure that such research is conducted in accordance with those principles.

The Commission drafted the Belmont Report, a foundational document in for the ethics of human subjects research in the United States.

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