Multiple choice--True/False (3 points each) 1. Who had the idea of an Overman or
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Question
Multiple choice--True/False (3 points each)
1. Who had the idea of an Overman or Superman as a person that would create his or her own values?
A. Sartre
B. Plato
C. Socrates
D. Nietzsche
2. Who rejected the idea of a static human "nature" and instead proposed the idea that we are free to choose who we will become and emphasized taking responsibility for that choice, indeed maintaining that we are "condemned to be free"?
A. Hume
B. Aristotle
C. Sartre
D. Aquinas
3. According to Gilligan:
A. An ethics of care is inferior to the ethics of justice
B. An ethics of care is more characteristic of men rather than women
C. An ethics of care is more characteristic of women rather than men
D. Women reject the idea of an ethics of care
4. Existentialists such as Kerkegaard, Nietzsche and Sartre are typically rule-followers and are especially fond of Kant's categorical imperative.
A. True
B. False
5. In Plato's theory of the tripartite soul, which part of the soul is in control in a just or virtuous person?
A. Appetites
B. Will power
C. Reason
D. Sense of humor
6. For Aristotle, courage is a virtue that falls as the midpoint between.......
A. Cowardliness and foolhardiness (rashness)
B. Two extremes: having too much courage and too little courage
C. Between being brave and being cowardly
D. Between arrogance and meekness
7. This theory maintains that there is no moral system that can be used across different cultures. One society's standards of right and wrong cannot be used to make judgments about another society's behavior.
A. Moral nihilism
B. Hard Universalism
C. Cultural relativism
D. Ethical Relativism
8. According to Rosenstand, the difference between soft and hard universalism is that soft universalism says there are only a very few common moral values found across all cultures and hard universalism maintains that the same set of moral values applies to all societies.
A. True
B. False
9. Jean is considering a particular act of cheating, and says to herself, "If I cheat, no one will get hurt (either in my immediate circle or in society at large) and it will benefit me in short run if I get the A, and my family in the long run if I get the degree". She is thinking like a:
A. Natural law theorist
B. Kantian
C. Act Utilitarian
D. Rule Utilitarian
10. John is considering cheating on a test and thinks it won't hurt anyone. He thinks that if he made the action to the moral rule---"cheat on a test when it doesn't hurt anyone"--and everyone followed that rule, it would increase his happiness as well as the happiness of people in society as a whole. Therefore, he thinks he should cheat. John is reasoning like a:
A. Natural law theorist
B. Kantian
C. Act Utilitarian
D. Rule Utilitarian
11. "The pleasure one derives from studying philosophy is greater than the pleasure one derives from eating a cheeseburger." This statement is consistent with which of the following?
A. Bentham's hedonistic calculus
B. Mill's idea of higher and lower pleasures
C. Natural law
D. Kant's categorical imperative
12. Julie thinks Jack is too focused on his own needs. However, she observes this in herself, too, and has found that all people basically are most concerned with their own self-interest. She doesn't think that this is a good thing, but she has found that it is simply a fact about human beings. Julie would agree with which concept?
A. Aristotle's idea of virtue
B. Ethical Egoism
C. Psychological egoism
D. Moral Nihilism
13. Ayn Rand's objectivism is not compatible with which of the following:
A. Psychological egoism
B. Ethical egoism
C. Ethical altruism
D. Utilitarianism
14. An affirmative action program that promotes a leveling of the playing field with respect to jobs and education rather than providing restitution for past wrongs is characteristic of:
A. Backward-looking justice
B. Forward-looking justice
C. Retributive justice
D. Restorative justice
15. According to natural law theory in the Aristotelians/Thomist tradition:
A. Sex is natural and should be engaged in whenever possible
B. Sex is tied to procreation
C. Sex is pleasurable and the goal is to maximize pleasure
D. Sex is dirty
16. A customer goes into a grocery store to buy bread. At the checkout counter, he does not bother to greet the cashier, does not look the cashier in the eye, and does not bother to say thank you. It doesn't matter anyway; the cashier was useful only as someone who helped him meet his goal of buying bread. There was no reason to be friendly to him/her. This kind of attitude and behavior on the part of the customer violates;
A. Act utilitarianism
B. Kant's second formulation of the categorical imperative.
C. Psychological egoism
D. Moral nihilism
17. A civil rights activist could make a stronger case for change in a society using the theories of ethical relativism or act utilitarianism rather than Kantianism or natural law.
A. True
B. False
18. A woman is dying of cancer and has six months to live. She wants to end her life now and wants to have her doctor help her die. Which of the following is a false statement about physician-assisted-suicide as viewed by different philosophical principles?
A. The natural law position is that life is a basic good and the physician cannot take it away.
B. The act utilitarian would not allow physician-assisted suicide even if the act maximizes the greatest happiness for the greatest number.
C. Kant would say you can't cut your life short because then you would be treating yourself as a means only to the end of a pain-free state.
D. An act utilitarian would allow physician-assisted suicide if the pleasure/pains, costs/benefits are added up and the act promotes the greatest happiness for the greatest number.
19. Which of the following is a paraphrase of Kant's first formulation of the categorical imperative?
A. Act in such a way that you always take the consequences into account.
B. Act in such a way that it makes you happy but does not hurt anyone else.
C. Act in such a way that you can have everyone else act that same way.
D. None of the above
20. Which of the following is a paraphrase of Kant's second formulation of the categorical imperative?
A. Respect people: don't just use them as a means to your ends.
B. Let people be happy.
C. Take consequences into consideration with respect to your relationships with people.
D. Act in a way that you can have everyone else act that way.
21. It is possible to argue the abortion issue from both a Utilitarian and a deontological point of view, whether you are pro-choice or anti-abortion (pro-life).
A. True
B. False
22. This Philosopher in an argument for Capital Punishment states that if a person has infringed on your rights, you are free to punish the perpetrator. And if someone has taken a life, then he has given up his own right to life and can be hunted down like a wild animal.
A. Jeremy Bentham
B. John Locke
C. Mills
D. Sartre
23. The state of Wisconsin considers the following crimes punishable by death:
A. Killing more than one person
B. Killing a law officer
C. Raping and then killing the person
D. All of the above
E. None of the above.
24. Not allowing women in combat is an example of maintaining the "Glass Ceiling" in the military.
A. True
B. False
25. A woman is dying of cancer and has six months to live. She wants to end her life now and wishes to have a doctor help her in the process (physician-assisted suicide). Which of the following is a (false) statement about physician-assisted suicide?
A. The Natural law position is that life is good and the physician cannot take it away.
B. The Act Utilitarian would not allow the physician assisted suicide even if the act maximizes greatest happiness for the greatest number.
C. Kant would say you can't cut your life short because then you would be treating yourself as a means only the end of a pain free state.
D. An Act Utilitarian would allow physician assisted suicide if the pleasures/pains, costs/benefits are added up and the Act promotes greatest good for the greatest number.
Explanation / Answer
1. "The overman or Superman" concept which is called as "Ubermensch" by Nietzche holds significant place in his thinking. The "overman" is main character of his "Thus Spoke Zarathustra", is the one who has overcome himself and human nature, and strive to establish humanity.
Answer. Option D. Nietzche.
2. It was Jean-Paul Sartre who rejected the concept of "static" of Aristotle and stated the philosophy of free will. He stated that he answer have free will to choose of action and are responsible for their action which is done so, even he did not create himself.
Answer. Option C. Sartre
3. Gillgan was against the male centered personality development theory of Freud and Erickson, moral development theory of Kohlberg. She was a student of student of Kohlberg, but she was disappointed by her mentor's way of developing a moral development theory which was based on the aspect of male morality ignoring the significant females. Hence, she developed a theory of moral development which gave importance to female ethics of care.
Answer. Option C. An ethics of care is more characteristic of women rather than men.
4. Existentialism is a reactionary philosophy to the traditional philosophy schools as determinism, rationalism, empiricism, and positivism. It holds that human have free wills, they make meaning out of their life through this free will and are responsible for their choices. Thus, it gives importance to their existence and rational decisions in the irrational universe.
Answer. B. False.
5. Answer. Option C. Reason.
6. Answer. Option A. Cowardliness and foolhardiness (rashness)
7. Answer. Option D. Ethical relativism.
8. Answer. Option B. False.
9. Answer. Option C. Act Utilitarian.
10. Answer. Option D. Rule utilitarian.
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