Essentials of Psychology | Chapter 1 1. In what year was the first institute for
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Question
Essentials of Psychology | Chapter 1
1. In what year was the first institute for research in experimental psychology opened? a. 1879
b. 1890
c. 1921
d. 1940
e. 1960
2. Which of the following is true of William James?
a. He wrote a classic book, titled The Principles of Psychology.
b. He wanted to understand how the mind affects what people do rather than merely identifying its components.
c. He did very little lab work; rather, he relied on his ideas and writings.
d. His approach to psychology became known as functionalism.
e. All of the above
3. Which of the following is true of Sigmund Freud?
a. He contended that our personality matures 4. slowly but surely over the years.
b. He emphasized the study of the conscious experience.
c. He had no direct experience working with patients.
d. He was technically a psychiatrist, not a psychologist.
e. He is closely associated with behaviorism.
4. Which of the following founders of psychology believed psychology should study observable behavior rather than hidden psychological processes?
a. Sigmund Freud
b. William James
c. John Watson
d. Wilhelm Wundt
e. Max Wertheimer
5. Of the four early schools of psychology discussed in the chapter, which perspective(s) survived as (a) contemporary perspective(s)?
a. psychoanalysis
b. behaviorism
c. structuralism
d. functionalism
e. a and b
6. Who were considered the architects of the perspective that emphasized people’s innate capacity for personal growth and their ability to make choices?
a. William James and Wilhelm Wundt
b. Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
c. Mary Calkins and Mamie Phipps Clark
d. Sigmund Freud and B. F. Skinner
e. None of the above
7. Which of the following is true of the cognitive perspective?
a. It emphasized the essential goodness of people.
b. It coincided with the development of the computer.
c. It is the least scientifically based of the contemporary perspectives.
d. It promoted the scientific study of love.
e. None of the above
8. Which of the following is true of the neuroscience perspective?
a. A good deal of its research is done on humans.
b. It does not believe that research on animals can benefit humans.
c. It is focused on the most precise microscopic levels of analysis.
d. It is based on the writings of the biologist Charles Darwin.
e. All of the above
9. Which of the following statements is true?
a. Evolutionary factors along with social and cultural factors can help explain human thought and behavior.
b. The sociocultural and evolutionary perspectives are not compatible.
c. Genetic change occurs more rapidly than cultural changes.
d. There is a great deal of genetic variation among cultural groups.
e. All of the above
10. Which of the following statements is true?
a. Thirty percent of the world’s population lives in cultures with a collectivist orientation.
b. The cultural belief system of individualism is older than collectivism.
c. From an evolutionary perspective, individualism is better than collectivism.
d. All of the above e. None of the above
11. Which of the following is an applied specialty?
a. clinical psychology
b. counseling psychology
c. industrial psychology
d. school psychology
e. All of the above
12. Dement’s claim that there is something basic in our need to dream would be considered a ______.
a. hypothesis
b. theory
c. case study
d. correlational coefficient
e. topic selection
13. Which of the following applies to institutional review boards (IRBs)?
a. They monitor and evaluate research proposals involving only human subjects.
b. They focus on risk/benefit ratio.
c. They never allow participants to be deceived about a study’s true purpose.
d. They claim that human psychological research is a high-risk activity.
e. a and b
14. Which of the following statements is true of animal research?
a. Most animal research is unnecessary.
b. Other methods could be used so that animals are not needed in behavioral research.
c. Nearly 90% of animals used in research are rodents.
d. Ninety percent of behavioral and biomedical research causes pain and significant distress to animals.
e. Animals do not benefit from animal research.
15. Which of the following statements is true?
a. Descriptive statistics are a more valued type of statistic than inferential statistics.
b. A difference is considered statistically significant if the likelihood of it having occurred by mere chance is less than 1 in 5.
c. Contemporary psychology does not require extensive knowledge of statistics.
d. Meta-analysis is the technique of counting the number of studies that find or do not find a particular effect.
e. Reporting results is an important stage of research.
16. All except which of the following are advantages of naturalistic research and participant observation research?
a. There is an absence of control.
b. They provide a full context for behavior.
c. The opportunity to record events is difficult to replicate in a laboratory.
d. They can observe events too risky to create in a laboratory.
e. They can record events previously only observed by nonscientists.
17. Correlational studies cannot determine the cause of the relationship between two variables because of which of the following?
a. the third-variable problem
b. the reverse-causality problem
c. research correlation rarely exceeds .60
d. All of the above
e. a and b
18. In Bandura’s Bobo doll study, the level of aggressive play of the child in the third room was which of the following?
a. the experimental condition
b. the control condition
c. the dependent variable
d. the independent variable
e. the random assignment
19. Considering the Amelia example, which of the following choices illustrates critical thinking?
a. buying the boy’s bike
b. buying the girl’s bike
c. not buying a bike at all
d. asking her dad’s advice
e. None of the above
20. Which of the following does the PRQR technique suggest you do?
a. Preview the material by first reading the chapter-opening story and outline.
b. Read an entire section.
c. Ask questions that focus your attention on the topics.
d. Review the material so that the information is more securely stored in memory.
e. All of the above
Explanation / Answer
1). (a). 1879.
2). (e). All the of the above.
3). (a). He contended that our personality matures slowly but surel over the years.
4). (c). John Watson.
5). (e). a and b
6). (b). Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.
7). (b). It consides with the development of the comlcomp.
9). (a). Evolutionary factors along with the social and cultural factors can explain human thought and behavior.
11). (e). All of the above.
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