66 CHAPTER 2 Morphology: The Words of Language The grammars of sign languages al
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66 CHAPTER 2 Morphology: The Words of Language The grammars of sign languages also include a morphological component consisting of a root, derivational and inflectional sign morphemes, and the rules for their combination. Morphological analysis is the process of identifying form-meaning units in a language, taking into account small differences in pronunciation, so that prefixes in- and im- are seen to be variants of the "same" prefix in English (cf. intolerable, impeccable) just as democrat and democrac are stem variants of the same mor- pheme, which shows up in democratic with its "t" and in democracy with its "c." References for Further Reading Anderson, S. R. 1992. A-morphous morphology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Aronoff, M. 1976. Word formation in generative grammar. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. and Fudeman, K. 2005. What is morphology? Malden: MA: Blackwell Bauer, L. 2003. Introducing inguistic morphology, 2nd ed. Washington, DC: George- Haspelmath, M. and Sims, A. 2010. Understanding morphology, 2nd ed. USA: Oxford Jensen, J. T. 1990. Morphology: Word structure in generative grammar. Amsterdam/ Katamba, F. 2004. Morphology: its relation to semantics and the lexicon. Oxford, UK: Matthews, P. H. 1991. Morphology: An introduction to the theory of word structure, 2nd Pinker, S. 2000. Words and rules: the ingredients of language. New York: Harper Collins town University Press. University Press. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing. Taylor and Francis. ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Stockwell, R., and D. Minkova. 2001. English words: History and structure. New York Cambridge University Press. Winchester, S. 2003. The meaning of everything (The story of the Oxford English Dic- tionary). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 1999. The professor and the madman. New York: HarperCollins. Exercises 1. Here is how to estimate the number of words in your mental lexicon. Consult any standard dictionary. (Note that Internet dictionaries may not work for this exercise.) a. Count the number of entries on a typical page. They are usually boldfaced. b. Multiply the number of words per page by the number of pages in the dictionary c. Pick four pages in the dictionary at random, say, pages 50, 75, 125, and 303. Count the number of words on these pages. d. How many of these words do you know? e. What percentage of the words on the four pages do you know? f. Multiply the words in the dictionary by the percentage you arrived at in (e). You know approximately that many English words. 2. Divide the following words by placing a between their morphemes. (Some of the words may be monomorphemic and therefore indivisible.)Explanation / Answer
Q1: here how to estimate no of words in your mental lexicon. Consult any standard dictionary.[I am considering Oxford 1001 words you need to know.]
Q2 : Divide the following words by placing a + between there morphemes
1.Retroactive=retro+act-ive
2.Befriended=be+friend+ed
3.Televise=tele+vise
4.Margin=mar+gin
5.Endearment=end+ear+ment
6.Psychology=psychology
7.Unpalatable=un+plalat+able
8.Holiday=holi+day
9.Grandmother=grand+mother
10. Morphemic=morph+em+ic
11.Mistreatment=mis+treat+ment
12. Deactivation=de+act+iv+ation
13. Saltpeter=salt+peter
14. Airsickness=air+sick+ness
15. Bureaucrat=Burau+crat
16. Democrat=demo+crat
17. Aristocrat=aristo+crat
18. Plutocrat=pluto+crat
19. Democracy=demo+cracy
20. Democratic=demo+crat+ic
21. Democratically=demo+crat+ic+ally
22. Democratization=dem+-crat+iz+ation
23. Democratize = dem+-crat+iz+e
24. Democratizer = dem+-crat+iz+er
25.Democratizing= dem+-crat+iz+ing
26. Democratized = dem+-crat+iz+ed
Q3 : Match each expression under A with the one statement under B that characterise it
a . Noisy Crow = 3) phrase consisting of adjective plus noun
b. Scarecrow = 1) compound word
c. The crow =6) grammatical morpheme followed by a lexical morpheme
d. Crow like = 5) root morpheme plus derivational suffix
e. Crows = 4) root morpheme plus inflectional affix
Q4 write the one proper description from the list under B for the italicised part of each word in list A
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