Learning Objectives: 1. Explain the concepts of absolute threshold, just noticea

Question

Learning Objectives: 1. Explain the concepts of absolute threshold, just noticeable difference (jind), subliminal perception, and extrasensory perception. Describe the physical properties of light-wavelength, amplitude, and the visible spectrum-and how they relate to human vision. Describe the anatomy of the eye and the layers of the retina and how they function. Explain how we adapt to light and dark, how we see color, and how the brain processes what we see. Describe the physical properties of sound and how they relate to what we hear. Be able to locate the outer, middle, and inner ear; list their major structures, and describe their roles in hearing. Explain the processes involved in taste, smell, touch, and the body senses. Describe top-down and bottom-up perceptual processing, and explain the differences between them. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Give an overview of perceptual constancy theories and hoe we perceive depth. 10. Describe the process of shape and form perception. 11. Describe some of the common perceptual errors and illusions we experience, and explain their causes. 12. Explain how culture affects perception.

Explanation / Answer

1.An absolute threshold is the smallest level of stimulus that can be detected, usually defined as at least half the time. The term is often used in neuroscience and experimental research and can be applied to any stimulus that can be detected by the human senses including sound, touch, taste, sight, and smell. For example, in an experiment on sound detention, researchers may present a sound with varying levels of volume. The smallest level that a participant is able to hear is the absolute threshold. In hearing, the absolute threshold refers to the smallest level of a tone that can be detected by normal hearing when there are no other interfering sounds present. An example of this might be measured at what levels participants can detect the ticking sound of a clock. In vision, the absolute threshold refers to the smallest level of light that a participant can detect. Determining the absolute threshold for vision might involve measuring the distance at which a participant can detect the presence of a candle flame in the dark. For example, imagine that you are a participant in a psychology experiment. You are placed in a dark room and asked to detect when you are first able to detect the presence of light at the other end of a long room. In order to determine the absolute threshold, you would go through a number of trials. During each trial, you would signal when you are first able to detect the presence of light. The smallest level that you are able to detect half of the time is your absolute threshold for light detection. For odors, the absolute threshold involves the smallest concentration that a participant is able to smell. An example of this would be to measure what the smallest amount of perfume that a subject is able to smell in a large room. The amount of force required for you to detect the feeling of a feather lightly brushing your arm is an example of the absolute threshold for touch. The just noticeable difference (JND), also known as the difference threshold, is the minimum level of stimulation that a person can detect 50 percent of the time. For example, if you were asked to hold two objects of different weights, the just noticeable difference would be the minimum weight difference between the two that you could sense half of the time. While the difference threshold involves the ability to detect differences in stimulation levels, the absolute threshold refers to the smallest detectable level of stimulation. The absolute threshold for sound, for example, would be the lowest volume level that a person could detect. The just noticeable difference would be the smallest change in volume that a person could sense. Example,you are watching television with your spouse, but the volume is too low to hear. You ask your spouse to turn it up. He presses the volume button twice, but you still cannot tell a difference in the volume. Your spouse presses the button two more times before you are able to notice the increase in volume. The term subliminal is derived from the terms sub (below) and limen (threshold), and it refers to perception so subtle it cannot reach conscious awareness. Subliminal perception occurs when a stimulus is too weak to be perceived yet a person is influenced by it.By subliminal most people mean a stimulus is too weak or distorted to be detected through conscious effort. A better word for that is undetectable.Undetectable stimuli can be created by flashing a visual stimulus then quickly masking it with another stimulus. If the masking stimulus appears quickly, such as 20 msec after the first stimulus, it prevents the first stimulus from being consciously perceived. For instance, one can flash words or pictures so quickly on a computer screen (generally faster than 10-15 milliseconds) that perceivers have the feeling they do not see anything at all. In other words, they are not consciously aware of the presented words or pictures. Extrasensory perception or ESP refers to the reception and processing of information not obtained through the physical senses, but are sensed by through an individual's mind. Coined by renowned psychologist J.B. Rhine, the term was used to refer to psychic abilities and temporal operations.ESP is commonly called sixth sense, a fairly popularized topic in media and related industries. The four types of extrasensory perception include clairvoyance, psychokinesis, telepathy and precognition. Clairvoyance is the capability to acquire information about a particular object, scenario, physical event or location using extrasensory means. Henry Holt created the term "psychokinesis" to describe the direct effect of the mind on a physical object or scene without the application of any physical energy. The term comes from the two Greek words "psyche" (breath, or mind, soul, or heart), and "kinesis" (movement or motion). Another form of ESP, precognition refers to the ability to achieve and perceive information about locations, scenarios, and events before they actually occur. Telepathy is the purported ability to perform direct communication between two or more minds without the use of speech, body language, writings, or any other extrapersonal means. Due to time limit,remaining questions can be asked as another question,they will be answered,thankyou for your cooperation.

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