> Group B age 29, joined a gym that offered an aggressive form of cross-training
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> Group B age 29, joined a gym that offered an aggressive form of cross-training hey begin the workout with a 20-minute run. Endurance training increases the quanti specific organelle that generates ATP aerobically. This organelle is the 2Next, they begin on the resistance training portion of the w orkout. Ms. K asks if the resis resistane si training will give change called us give her bigger muscles. She is told that her muscle cells may increase in loes s r sise exercise is a squat. Ms. K places a barbell across her shoulders, and slow shu owers her body in part of the buttock. This muscle is the glueus os uring this exercise, the butock muscle actually lengthens as it contracts. This type of contrac to a squat position. quat position. This exercise works the muscle that makes up the le tion is described as cenhaam III. SHORT ESSAYS 1. For each of the following word pairs, write a sentence explaining their roles in muscle contraction. a. glycogen and glucose Clucogenisthe stoiae form r glucose and can be bohen dowa nn alucuse whenneeded calcium and oxygen c. acetylcholine and ATPExplanation / Answer
1. ATP synthesis occurs in the mitochondria in humans during aerobic respiration. During endurance training, changes in muscles occurs that lead to formation of new blood vessels, greater capacity to store energy and increased sensitivity to insulin. More fuel is burnt is Krebs cycle in endurance trained individuals.
Mitochondria is site of ATP synthesis and are known as powerhouses of the cell. The electron transport chain that forms ATP is housed within the mitochondria.ATP is required for muscle contraction through actin and myosin cross bridging. Increase in number of mitochondria during endurance training will improve the ability of the body to produce ATP. Electron chain is not functional in anaerobic respiration.
Right choice: Mitochondria.
2. Muscle tonus is the degree of muscle resistance when at rest or in response to stretching.
Increase in muscle size after resistance training is called hypertrophy. During resistance training, the number of myofibrils in muscle cell will increase. This will increase the size of the muscle fibers. There is however no increase in number of mitochondria or increase in capillary formation.
Right answer is muscle hypertrophy
IIIb. Role of calcium and oxygen in muscle contraction: Calcium binds to troponin, thereby freeing myosin binding sites on actin promoting cross bridging between actin and myosin while oxygen provides ATP that is required for cross bridging.
Explanation: Calcium is required for muscle contraction. Tropomyosin blocks myosin binding sites on actin. Calcium binds to troponin. Hence, it frees the myosin binding sites on actin. Thus, myosin can now bind actin, causing cross-bridging and muscle contraction. If calcium is not present, muscle contraction will not take place.
Oxygen is required for ATP formation. ATP is formed when glucose is metabolized during cellular respiration. Oxygen acts as the terminal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, resulting in formation of water. If oxygen is absent, the muscle cell will undergo anaerobic respiration, leading to formation of 2 ATP and lactic acid per glucose, which is much less than 38 ATP formed by aerobic respiration. ATP hydrolysis is required for cross bridge formation between actin and myosin. If ATP levels decline, muscle contraction will be reduced. In absence of oxygen, muscles will become fatigued.
Iliac. Acetylcholine and ATP: Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter that causes release of calcium ion from sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium stores while ADP formed from ATP hydrolysis binds to myosin head and is required for cross bridging between actin and myosin.
Explanation: Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter that activates muscle contraction. It is secreted at the end of the motor neuron end plate in response to an action potential into the synaptic cleft of the motor neuron. It binds to its receptors and causes the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Calcium binds to troponin, thereby freeing the myosin binding sites on actin. Myosin binds to actin, resulting in cross bridging and subsequently muscle contraction.
ATP: Muscle cells build up electrical potential in resting state due to pumping of calcium ions. These calcium are pumped into the sarcoplasmic reticulum and triggers cross bridging between actin and myosin due to release of binding sites on actin. The cross bridge formation is reversed when ADP is replaced by ATP. When ADP is formed from ATP (via hydrolysis), it binds to myosin. Myosin is energized to high energy conformation and will bind to actin forming cross bridges.
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