and the presence of infections, su candidiasis. Explain how this situation would
ID: 3506171 • Letter: A
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and the presence of infections, su candidiasis. Explain how this situation would affect food and fluid intake and list some possible subsequent effects on the patient with leukemia. CASE STUDY A Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia PM, aged 4 years, has returned to the family physician because of a recurrent sore throat and cough. Her mother mentions unusual listlessness and anorexia. The physician notices several bruises on her legs and arms and one on her back. The physician orders blood tests and a course of antibacterial drugs. Test results indicate a low hemoglobin level, thrombocytopenia, and a high lymphocyte count, with abnormally high numbers of blast cells. Following a bone marrow aspiration,a of ALL is confirmed 1. Describe the pathophysiology of ALL 2. State the rationale for each of P.M's signs peripheral blood 4. Describe the effects of hypermetabolism in leukemia. 5. Explain how chemotherapy aggravates the effects of 6. Describe the possible effects if leukemic cells infitrate 7. Describe the pain associated with leukemia and explain leukemia (refer to Chapter 20) the brain. the reason for it CHAPTER SUMMARY Blood serves many purposes in the body. Abnormalities involving blood cells, plasma proteins, or blood factors clotting liie threatening effects on the body. When lymphatiou ders interfere with the immune resnonssExplanation / Answer
1.Acute lymphocytic leukaemia is a malignant disease of bone marrow in which early lymphoid cells proliferate and replace normal haematopoietic bone marrow cells.
Acute lymphocytic leukemia occurs when a bone marrow cell develops errors in its DNA. The errors tell the cell to continue growing and dividing, when a healthy cell would normally stop dividing and eventually die. When this happens, blood cell production becomes abnormal. The bone marrow produces immature cells that develop into leukemic white blood cells called lymphoblasts. These abnormal cells are unable to function properly, and they can build up and crowd out healthy cells.
2.Most signs and symptoms of acute lymphocytic leukaemia mimics flu signs and symptoms like recurrent sore throat and cough.
Leukaemia patients develop bruises easily because they do not make enough platelets to plug the blood vessels leaking. This lack in platelets results in easy bleeding.
Lack of healthy blood cells results in tiredness and weakness.
3.blast cells are found in the peripheral blood smear because mcells do not get matured in the bone marrow and are released in immature state in the blood and these lymphoblasts do not function like mature cells.
4.signs and symptoms like pallor fatigue fever malaise weight loss tachycardia are attributable to anemis and hypermetabolic state of the patient.
5.chemotherapy with alkylating agents affect the DNA in a way. Example: chlorambucil, lomustine carmustine etc.. and certain platinum based compounds like cisplatin etc.. affect the DNA and increase the risk of leukaemia.
6. The leukemic cells infiltrate the brain by injuring the blood brain barrier and causes paralysis of the body.
7.many leukemic patients experience pain in bone and bone cells that results from overcrowding of immature cells in the bone marrow. Sometimes neuropathic pain also occurs due to drug therapies and radiation.
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