uuiol enail as soon as possible. 4. You are REQUIRED to CITE all your answers, i
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uuiol enail as soon as possible. 4. You are REQUIRED to CITE all your answers, including Lab Manual Information and Textbook Information. If you use ANY other source, a full html website needs to be supplied Even one second past the deadline of will result in automatic 50% reduction of score. assignments will be accepted after 5. No writing Case Study A. Epithelial Tissue and Cancer Chief Complaint: 68 year-old man with a cough and dyspnea ("shortness of breath) for the past week History: Daniel McDonald, a 68-year-old white male with a 40-pack-year smoking history suffered from chronic bronchitis for which he had been on antibiotics for several months. Two weeks ago, he began coughing up a bloody sputum C"hemoptysis") ). In the past week he's become increasingly short of breath. A routine chest X-ray revealed two silver dollar-sized opacities on the right side of the carina. Bronchoscopic examination revealed a tumor that was nearly occluding the right mainstem bronchus. A bronchial biopsy revealed the diagnosis: bronchogenic carcinoma. 1. Define the terms and describe where in the body each term is: a bronchogenic carcinoma, b. hemoptysis; opacities; d. carina a. bronchogenic carcinoma: b. hemoptysis: c. opacities: d. carina: 2. Most cancers arise from epithelial tissue. Why do you suppose this is?Explanation / Answer
1.a. Broncogenic carcinoma is a malignant tissue tumor of the lung forming within the bronchal mucosa.
It is found in the epithelium of bronchus or bronchiole,in this case,the right mainstem bronchus.
b. Hemoptysis is the condition of coughing up of blood.
It originates from the respiratory tract below the larynx.
The blood and phlegm is usually from the lungs caused by the irritants inhaled from smoking.
c. Opacity usually means the capacity of matter to obstruct radiation.
Pulmonary opacity is the decrease of gas in the lung,in this case,due to the tumor in the bronchi.
Thickened mucos from bronchitis can also contribute to opacity.
Pulmonary opacity occurs in the bronchus which diffuse respiratory gases.
d. Carina is a ridge of cartilage that occurs in the trachea between the two bronchi.
It is found at the base of the trachea of the respiratory tract.
2. Cell division is the key to cancer progression. Since epithelial tissues are the major sites of cell division,
they have more chances of accumulating cancer with age as they renew continuously. The tissues which renew
continuously have a clear hierarchy of cell division and cell differentiation. Occassionally, stem cells undergo
division, producing a replacement stem cell and transit cell which differentiates. The fate of each cell is
determined randomly. Most mutations probably arise during replication on the newly synthesised strand. Also,
lineal descendants of stem cells are restricted to a particular region so any mutation along the line will get
accumulated in a local region. In a 68 year old male, at least a few thousand replacement cycles have occurred
to replace cells damaged at the surface lining (epithelium), which means that the cell lineages are passing
through many generations. These renewing lineages are at the risk of accumulating cancer.
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