• Bile contains _____________________, _____________________, and ______________

Question

• Bile contains _____________________, _____________________, and __________________________. • When fat reaches the small intestine, the hormone __________________________ is released from certain intestinal cells. CCK stimulates the release of bile from the __________________________and __________________________from the pancreas. • The lipase travels through the __________________________duct to be mixed with the bile in the __________________________duct. • Bile mixture and pancreatic lipase both enter the small intestine together. • Bile acids __________________________the fatty substances into __________________________, allowing triglycerides to be hydrolyzed. • __________________________hydrolyzes the __________________________into __________________________and __________________________within the micelle. Absorption: • Absorption of carbohydrates takes place through the __________________________. o Disaccharides are broken down in the small intestine to __________________________by __________________________. o Monosaccharides are absorbed in small intestine villi. o Monosaccharides absorbed via __________________________and __________________________. • Absorption of amino acids takes place through the villi (mostly through active transport) located on the inside of the intestinal lumen • About 95% of dietary fat is absorbed. o The lipid content of the micelle is absorbed across the __________________________of the intestinal lining. o __________________________ (< 12 carbons) are water soluble and can travel straight into the __________________________. o __________________________ ( 12 carbons) are reformed into __________________________in the cell. They are repackaged into chylomicrons, enter the __________________________system, travel to the __________________________which opens into the _______________________vein, where they enter the _________________________. Large Intestine: • No villi in the large intestine • Water absorption takes place mostly in the large intestine. • Intestinal bacteria ferment remaining undigested food residue o Synthesize small amounts of Vitamin __________________and ____________________. o Also produce gas (hydrogen, methane, hydrogen sulfide, and CO2) • Mucous protects the lining and holds fecal matter together Hormones in Digestion • Cholecystokinin CCK o Peptide hormone secreted by the __________________________. o Stimulates the secretion of __________________________to digest fat. o Acts on the brain to inhibit the secretion of __________________________Y, which to slow eating. • Gastric Inhibitory Peptide and Secretin o Hormones are released in response to __________________________in the stomach. o __________________________gastric motility.

Explanation / Answer

• Bile contains bile pigments, bile salts, and cholesterol• When fat reaches the small intestine, the hormone cholecystokinin(CCK) is released from certain intestinal cells. CCK stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and pancreatic juice from the pancreas. • The lipase travels through the pancreatic duct to be mixed with the bile in the common bile duct. • Bile mixture and pancreatic lipase both enter the small intestine together. • Bile acids emulsify the fatty substances into smaller particles, allowing triglycerides to be hydrolyzed. • The pancreatic lipase hydrolyzes the triglycerides into 3 fatty acid molecule and 1 glycerol molecule within the micelle. Absorption: • Absorption of carbohydrates takes place through the duodenum and upper jejunum. o Disaccharides are broken down in the small intestine to monosaccharides by brush border hydrolases. o Monosaccharides are absorbed in small intestine villi. o Monosaccharides absorbed via cotransport with sodium and facilitated diffusion. • Absorption of amino acids takes place through the villi (mostly through active transport) located on the inside of the intestinal lumen • About 95% of dietary fat is absorbed. o The lipid content of the micelle is absorbed across the luminal surface of the intestinal lining. o short and medium chained fatty acids(< 12 carbons) are water soluble and can travel straight into the intestinal cell. o Long chained fatty acids( 12 carbons) are reformed into triglycerides in the cell. They are repackaged into chylomicrons, enter the lymphatic system, travel to the liver which opens into the subclavian vein, where they enter the bloodstream. Large Intestine: • No villi in the large intestine • Water absorption takes place mostly in the large intestine. • Intestinal bacteria ferment remaining undigested food residue o Synthesize small amounts of Vitamin B12 and vitamin K. o Also produce gas (hydrogen, methane, hydrogen sulfide, and CO2) • Mucous protects the lining and holds fecal matter together Hormones in Digestion • Cholecystokinin CCK o Peptide hormone secreted by the cells of the duodenal mucosa. o Stimulates the secretion of bile to digest fat. o Acts on the brain to inhibit the secretion of PeptideYY, which to slow eating. • Gastric Inhibitory Peptide and Secretin o Hormones are released in response to acidic chyme in the stomach. o inhibits gastric motility.

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