What are the differences between endocrine and exocrine glands? What are the sim

Question

What are the differences between endocrine and exocrine glands? What are the similarities and differences between the nervous and endocrine systems? where is the hypothalamus located? How is it involved in the endocrine system? Why is the pituitary gland special (embryonic origin)? What hormones are secreted there? What does each of them do? How is the release of hormone controlled in each part of pituitary? What is the pars intermedia? What is its function in adulthood? g Know the difference between the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract and the hypothalamo- hypophyseal portal system. 9Where is the pineal gland located? What does it secrete? What is SAD? Jo Where is the thymus located? What is its endocrine function? lI Where is the thyroid gland located? What are the effects of thyroid hormone? Know the histology of the thyroid gland? Which cells secrete hormone? What else is secreted by thyroid? where are the parathyroid glands located? What do they do? 13 What is released by the adrenal medulla? What kind of cell releases it? What is its function? What are the parts of the adrenal cortex? What do each release and what is its function?

Explanation / Answer

3) The difference between endocrine and exocrine gland are described as follows:

a) Endocrine gland is ductless. It secretes its chemical substances such as hormones and releases directly into the blood stream

b) Exocrine gland has ducts. It secretes its chemical substances such as enzymes and releases into duct which then goes to target tissue.

4) Difference between endocrine system and nervous system:

1) Endocrine system uses chemical impulses or messengers to send signals to the target cells but in nervous system electrical impulses are send through the neuron.

2) The endocrine system uses hormone as chemical substances and nervous system uses neurotransmitter as chemical substances

Similarities between endocrine and nervous system:

1) Endocrine system and nervous system both use chemical to send their messages or stimuli.

2) Both are used in transmission of stimuli or impulse.

5) Hypothalamus is located in the diencephalon region of the forebrain just below the thalamus and above the brain stem.

Hypothalamus produces a link between nervous and endocrine system which helps to secrete releasing hormone and inhibits those hormones which are involved in stimulating and inhibiting production of hormone in anterior pituitary.

6) Pituitary gland is special and known as master gland because it produces 9 hormones which controls many other endocrine gland and maintains the function of the body including growth.

Pituitary gland secretes 9 hormones from its two parts anterior pituitary gland and posterior pituitary gland which are described below

1) Thyroid stimulating hormone: Stimulates thyroid to produce thyroid hormone

2) Human growth hormone: Controls body growth by mitosis of the long bones and increase muscle mass

3) Prolactin: After birth of child it produces milk in the mammary gland

4) Melanocyte stimulating hormone: Stimulates the production of skin pigment melanin by stimulating melanocyte of the epidermis of skin

5) Adrenocorticotropic hormone: Stimulates adrenal gland to produce adrenaline hormone

6) Follicle stimulating hormone: Helps to produce estrogen from maturing follicles and helps to mature ovarian follicles in each month by stimulating the ovary

7) Luteinizing hormone: It acts on corpus luteum to maintain the production of progesterone hormone and it helps in ovulation of eggs from ovary

All the above hormones are secreted from anterior pituitary gland

8) Oxytocin: Causes milk to release from mammary gland after birth of a child and helps to contract uterus in labor

9) Antidiuretic hormone: It helps to reabsorb extra water from the collecting duct of the nephron of the kidney and releases into blood. So urine production decreases.

The above 2 hormones are secreted from posterior pituitary gland

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