Normal saline used frn, transfusion is a a) Hypotonic b) Isotonic c) Hypertonic

Question

Normal saline used frn, transfusion is a a) Hypotonic b) Isotonic c) Hypertonic d) None of the above solution 16. 17. During respiration, CO, leaves our body through the process of: a. Osmosis Diffus ion 18. Heart rate may be determined by all of the folowing EXCEPT a. Palpation of radial pulse b. ECG c. Respiratory transducer d. Blood pressure 19. The best way to determine diastolic blood pressure is by palpation. a. True b. False 20. Hypertension is defined by blood pressure of a. More than 100/75 mm Hg b. Less than 140/90 mm Hg c. More than 140/90 mm Hg d. None of the above 21. ECG is a useful tool to primary to detect a. Pulmonary conditions b. Cardiac conditions 22. The optic nerve is also known as cranial nerve number: a. b.II d. VII 23. Blind spot on the retina is due to a. b. c. d. High concentration of rods High concentration of cones Absence of photorecptors None of the above 24. Which of the following is consistent with a consensual reflex? a. b. c. A bilateral stimulus produces a bilateral response A unilateral stimulus produces a bilateral response A unilateral stimulus produces a unilateral response

Explanation / Answer

16. Normal Saline used for IV transfusion is an Isotonic solution (Option b)

Hypotonic solution: A solution which has lower osmotic pressure when compared to the blood (in this example) or the amount of solute is lesser when compared to the reference solution Ex. 0.45% NaCl solution

Administration of hypotonic solution may lead to cytolysis due to the uptake of the hypotonic fluid by osmosis into the cell to such an extent that cell membrane ruptures

Hypertonic solution: A solution which is having higher osmotic pressure when compared to the blood (in this example) or the amount of solute is greater when compared to the reference solution

Ex. 1.5% NaCl solution.

Administration of Hypertonic solution may lead to cell shrinkage due to loss of cellular contents into the external environment by osmosis

Isotonic solution: A solution whose osmotic pressure is same as that of reference fluid (blood in this case).

Ex. 0.9% NaCl, 1.9% Boric acid. 5% Mannitol, 5% Dextrose

Adminstration of isotonic solution maintains the osmotic environment of the cells and prevents their disruption

Norma Saline consists of 0.9% NaCl which is isotonic with the body fluids

Weight of substance for maintaining isotonicity in the body fluids (W) = (0.03 M)/ N

where M= Mol. wt. of Sodium Chloride (58.5gms)

N= No. of ions formed during dissociation (2 for Sodium chloride-Na+ and Cl-)

W = (0.03 x 58.5) / 2 = 0.88 gm / 100 ml

which is approximately 0.9g /100ml or 0.9% w/v solution

So, Normal saline used for IV transfusion is isotonic solution

17. During respiration, Carbon dioxide leaves our body through the process of b. Diffusion

Osmosis is defined as process in which substances move against the concentration gradient from lower concentration to higer concentration

Diffusion is defined as the process where the substances move according to the concentration gradient from higher concentration to lower concentration

In respiration, high concentration of carbon dioxide which is accumulated in the lungs is diffused to the outside whereas high concentration of oxygen present outside moves to the Oxygen deficit lungs

Hence, this is said to be Diffusion but not Osmosis

18. Heart rate may be determined by all of the following except: Blood pressure

Heart rate can be measured from palpation of radial pulse as the blood flow to the radial artery is exhibited as thumping which is a direct measure of heart rate

ECG: Heart rate can be determined from ECG by measuring the distance between p waves and QRS complexes

Respiratory transducer: Respiratory rate transducer can be of various types which contain a peizo electric device that measures the changes in circumferential diameter of chest during respiration which can indirectly provide information about heart rate. When suitably modified and when coupled with EMFi transducers, they can be used to measure both heart rate and respiration rate

Blood pressure: Blood pressure = Cardiac output x Peripheral vascular resistance

As seen from the above equation blood pressure is a function of cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance and do not imply any information about Heart. It should be remebered that it can qualitatively provide information whether the heart rate is more or less but cannot be directly used for determination of Heart rate Quantitatively

19. The best way to determine diastolic blood pressure is by palpation: False

Diastolic blood pressure cannot be measured by palpation due to minor differences in pressure that cannot be conveniently quantified or assessed using palpation due to faint pulse and its distance from cuff. Hence, auscultatory method is employed to observe the disapperance of sound which is taken as a diastolic blood pressure

20. Hypertension is defined as blood pressure of more than 140/90 mm Hg (Option c)

Hypertension refers to high blood pressure where diastollic pressure is above 90mm Hg. Normal Blood pressure is 120/80, hence a, b can be regarded as low blood pressure values.

Option c falls under the mild hypertension category and thus makes the correct choice

21. ECG is a useful tool primarily to detect b. Cardiac conditions

Electrocardiogram measures the electrical activity of the heart in a given period of time. Hence, it is used to detect cardiac abnormalities but not pulmonary conditions

22. Optic Nerve is also known as Cranial Nerve number: b. II

Cranial nerves are Olfactory nerve (I), Optic nerve (II), Oculomotor nerve (III), Trochlear nerve (IV), Trigeminal nerve (V), Abducens nerve (VI), Facial nerve (VII), Vestibulocochlear nerve(VIII), Glossopharyngeal nerve(IX), Vagus nerve (X), Accessory nerve(XI), and Hypoglossal nerve(XII)

23. Blind spot on the retina is due to c. Absence of photoreceptors

Blind spot, scotoma do not contain photoreceptors (lack of cones and rods) where optic nerve leaves eye

24. Which of the following is consistent with a consensual reflex? option b. A unilateral stimulus produces a bilateral response

Consensual reflex refers to a bilateral response when a unilateral stimulus is provided. For example when one eye is closed and light is used for pupillary dilation in the other eye. The closed eye also shows the response even if stimulus is not provided directly. Option b and c do not come under the definition of consensual reflex

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