Confused between what each question... ex. generated n detected n processed... H
ID: 3512460 • Letter: C
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Confused between what each question... ex. generated n detected n processed... HELP PLZ
Human body needs energy to support activities and the energy come from food. When people need food, they feel hungry. Refer to the related lectures and other resources to answer the followed questions with cited reference in details. 1a. Where and how the hunger signals are generated? (5 points) 1b. where and how the hunger signals are detected? (4 points) 1c. where and how the hunger signals are processed? (5 points) 1d. what's the set-point theory of hunger? How to evaluate it? (6 points) 2a. what's anorexia nervosa? (3 points) 2b. what's the symptoms of anorexia nervosa? (3points) 2c. what's the cause of anorexia nervosa? (3 points) 2d. how to prevent/treat anorexia nervosa? (4 points) what's bulimia nervosa? (3 points) 3b. what's the symptoms of bullmla nervosa (3 points) 3c. what's the cause of bulimia nervosa? (3 points) 3d. how to prevent/treat bulimia nervosa? (4 points)Explanation / Answer
2a. (1)anorexia nervosa can be called as anorexia, considered to be an eating disorder in which a person has abmormal low weight due to constant restriction of food in order to remain thin, refrain from gaining weight and prevent distortion of body weight.
(2) people suffering from anorexia feel themselves to be overweight even if they are not and they go for decreased calorie intake, rigorous exercizes, etc.
(3) anorexia nervosa can be classified into two subtypes that is restricting subtype and binge eating/ purging subtype which are considered to be serious mental illness and needs treatment.
2b. symptoms of anorexia nervosa can be physical, psychological and behavioral
(1) physical symptoms include weight loss, dizziness, fatigue, insomnia, dehydration, thin bodily appearance, abnormal blood cell counts, low blood pressure, amennorhagea, thining of hair, bloating, constipation, etc
(2) psychological and behavioural symptoms include dissatisfaction with body shape, refraining self from eating food by several measures, lying about food consumption, use of laxatives and diuretics for weight loss, not eating in public, substance abuse, irritation, tendency to stay alone, following rigid diets, suicide attempts, covering self with multiple layers of clothing, checking weight again and again, etc
2c. the exact cause of anorexia nervosa is not known and it varies from person to person.
it is considered to a combination of genetic, psychological and environmental factors.
genetic conditions are responsible to make a person more susceptible of anorexia but which genes are involved and their mechanism of action is not known.
psychological cause can be considered as presence of obsessive compulsive disorder in which the person tends to follow strict diets for weight loss.
environmental cause can be due to peer pressure and urge for success that is thought to be achieved by remaining thin.
2d. there is no established prevention of anorexia but recognition of early signs and symptoms can help in preventing full blown illness. early signs and symptoms like decreased self esteem, following rigid diets for weight loss, dissatisfaction with body weight can be considered.
treatment includes medical and nutritional treatment and therapy.
medical treatment involves treatment of severe health issues due to anorexia like electrolyte imbalance, irregular heartbeats, etc.
nutritional treatment ionvolves diet plan, plan for normal eating habits, restoration of body weight and education about normal eating habits.
therapy includes cognitive behavioural therapy, cognitive remediation therapy, interpersonal psychology, etc to address the underlying issue of anorexia.
3a.bulimia nervosa is a seious eating disorder characterized by repeated episodes of binging followed by purging. binging is eating large quantity of food in short duration of time and purging is compensatory behaviour which includes attempts to get rid of the consumed food by self induced vomiting, use of laxatives, diuretics, etc.
it can be associated with mental disorders as well.
3b. the symtoms of bulimia nervosa and anorexia are same, the only difference between these two conditins is anorexia nervosa is characterized of significant weight loss of ideal body weight while the patients with bulimia nervosa have normal or above ideal body weight. refer answer 2b.
3c. refer answer 2c
3d. the treatment of bulimia nervosa involves discontinuation of the binging purging cycle, improvement of the negative thoughts and resolution of the emotional issues behind it.
first of all the treatments the harmful cycle of binging purging should be broken and the patient should be brought to normal eating habits.
secondly, the issues behind the logic of weight problems should be encountered. obssession of bosy shape, remaining thin and other irrational beliefs should be identified.
lastly the emotional issues that have led to the illness should be focused which includes behavioural therapy, interpersonal psychology, etc
1a. hunger signals are generated by blood circulating hormones such as ghrelin and insulin type peptide.
ghrelin is made in stomach. when stomach empties, ghrelin level increases. it stimulates hunger by entering into the brain and stimulating hypothalamus neurons.
insulin peptide 5 is produced in colon and it is the second stimulating hormone. the exact physiological role is not known of the same.
2b. the hunger signals are detected by hypothalamic neurons.
hypothalamus is located below the thalamus and above the brain stem.
it is responsible for maintaining homeostatis by maintaing food and water intake, hunger and thirst, body temperature, sexual behaviour.
2c. the nerve cells present within the hypothalamus when activated, stimulate hunger.
two proteins responsible for stimulation of hunger are neuropeptide Y and agouti related peptide.
these nerve cells initiate and send signals to other parts of hypothalamus and as a result the person is inclined to eat.
similar to hunger stimulating hormone there are hunger inhibiting hormones too.
both of these work in combination by proteins of hypothalamus in maintainance of homeostasis of hunger.
2d. set point theory is the optimal weight range in which the body is thought to perform the best.
it is based on genetic factors.
the brain adjusts the metabolism and hunger of food to remain in the range of set point weight.
set points vary from person to person.
some of the cientists believe that the average person has a set point range of about 10-20 pounds.
this is believed to be the range in which the body is comfortable.
when a person is dieting the weight loss is not continous. the weight is lost initially but after a certain point of time there is absence of weight loss. this is due to plataues, that is the body is attempting to fight against the weight loss.
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