For my renal lab where we had a fasting group, coke group, Gatorade group, and w
ID: 3516232 • Letter: F
Question
For my renal lab where we had a fasting group, coke group, Gatorade group, and water group and measured urine specific gravity and flow rate:
What is the importance of being able to tightly regulate water and salt volume, and plasma pH of the body?
Describe the processes of glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion along the nephron to adjust the composition of the plasma osmolarity, volume, pressure, and pH
Describe the role of the three important hormones involved in regulating the composition of the plasma in the kidneys (ADH, ANP, ALD)
Explanation / Answer
Answer part one. The basic concept of water is the amount of intake should balance the excretion. Thus, if water intake will be more less absorption will take place by the tubules and more water will be excreted in the form of urine. If we drink less water more absorption of water will take place in the tubules to excrete less water from the body.
Salt volume is maintained in our body by the sodium ion concentration. When our body is dehydrated in that case more sodium is excreted out so that sodium concentration should not increase in our body. When we drink more water sodium is retained in the body because excess water is available for its dilution. In this way, osmolarity is maintained by he human body. The pH of the blood is maintained by the help of bicarbonate ions. Reabsorption of these ions by the DCT helps in maintaining the pH of the blood.
Answer part second. Glomerular filteration
It is the first step of urine formation. In this, blood filtered through glomerulus thus it is known as the glomerular filteration. The glomerular capillary blood pressure causes filteration of blood around 3 layers- the endothelium of glomerular blood vessels, the epithelium of Bowman's capsules and a basement membrane between both these. The cells of the Bowman's capsules namely podocytes are arranged so closely to form fine pores. Thus, the filteration occurs so finely that only few proteins are left in the Bowman's capsule. Such filteration is known as ultrafiltration.
The amount of the filterate formed by the kidneys per minute is called glomerular filteration rate(GFR).
Kidneys possess Juxta glomerular apparatus for regulating GFA. A fall in the GFR can activate this JG apparatus to release renin which can stimulate the glomerular blood flow and brings GFR to normal.
Tubular reabsorption
Almost 99 percent of the filterate is reabsorbed by the renal tubules. It includes:
Tubular secretion:
Answer last part. Role of ADH
ADH stands for antidiuretic hormone. It is also known as vasopressin and is released from neurohypophysis. ADH facilitates water reabsorption from the latter parts of the tubule, therefore prevents excess urination. If the body fluids are increased in the volume it suppresses the release of ADH, as hormones show feed back mechanism. ADH also affects the kidney functions by constricting the blood vessels and thereby increasing the blood volume. This ultimately increases the glomerular blood flow.
Role of ANP
ANP is also known as Atrial Natriuretic Protein or Factor. ANP causes vasodilation of the blood vessels and thus decreases the blood pressure. It keeps a check on the renin-angiotensin mechanism.
Role of ALD
It stands for aldosterone. It is released by the adrenal glands and causes the reabsorption of sodium ions and water from the distal part of the tubule. It also affects glomerular filtration rate and increased blood pressure This complex mechanism is known as Renin-angiotensin mechanism.
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