Does our understanding of neural networks adequately explain the complex functio

Question

Does our understanding of neural networks adequately explain the complex functions of the human nervous system? In your answer, you should at least include such terms as emergent properties, affective behaviors, cognitive behaviors, neurons (and the functional anatomy of each of its sections), action potentials, graded potentials, electrochemical gradient, depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization, voltage-gated Na+ channel, voltage-gated K+ channel, Na+/K+-ATPase, EPSP, IPSP, temporal summation, spatial summation, trigger zone, myelination, salutatory conduction, nodes of Ranvier, axon terminal, voltage-gated Ca+ channel, synaptic vesicle, neurotransmitter, synapse, ionotropic receptor, metabotropic receptor. You should be able to describe a few nervous pathologies, how they arise, and how they affect normal organismal function. You may also elect to describe the actions of some drugs on the nervous system (e.g. caffeine, cocaine, heroin, alcohol), which will require a bit of research.

Explanation / Answer

THE HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM: the nervous system is that coordinates its actions by transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body, it has 2 parts 1)central nervous system which consists of the brain and spinal cord and 2)pheripheral nervous system consists mainly of nerves ,a) emergent properties :these arethe property is a property which a collection of complex system it is an organization whose levles has been established through out evolutionb)these ,the affective behaviour and cognition behavour, affective it is an emotional reaction one has toward an attitude object and cognition it is the mental activity of processing information and using that information in judgment,c) neurons:these are the electrically excitable cell that receives process es and transmits information through electrical and chemical signals,they are types of neurons like sensory and motor neurons, the functional anatomy of a neuron, the neuron have a cell body (soma in it nucleus is present and neuron proteins are synthesized in it)dendrites these are branching process , functions in receiving and processing incoming information,axons it is separate process longer than dendrite the action potential is arises at axon hillock , synapses are neuron to neuron connections are made on to dendrites and cell bodies of the other neuron at most of the synapses informationis transmitted in the form of chemical messenger called neurotransmitter,d)action potential it is an electrical impulses that send signals around your body,e)graded potential occurs at the dendrites and cell body it is excitatory and inihibitory, it is an changes in membrane potential ,f) electrochemical gradient it is an 2 forces working together it is gradient of electrochemical potential usually for an ion that can move across a membrane.,g)depolarization:the membrane gets smaller asions quickly begins to equalize the concentration gradient.h)repolarization:brings the cell back to resting potential the inactivation gates of sodium channels close, i)hyperpolarization: it makes the cell more negative than its typical resting membrane potential,j)voltage gated sodium channels exists in 3 stages they are 1)deactivation(closed channels) sodium is not let through,2)activated(open)the channels are activate and the m gate will open,3)inactivation(closed), k)voltage gated potassium channels:these have onlyone gate(gate n)it is normally closed but slowely open when depolarized, l)na+/k+/ATPase it is an enzyme is a solute pump that pumps sodium out of cells while pumping potassium into cells, both against their concentration gradients,m)EPSP:excitatory postsynaptic potential it is a post synaptic potential that makes the post synaptic neuron more likely to fire an action potential, n)IPSP: inhibitory postsynaptic potentials which result from the flow of negative ions into the cell or positive ions out of the cell,o)temporal summation occurs when a high frequency of action potential in the presynaptic neurons elicits postsynaptic potential that summate with each other, p)spatial summation: it is a mechanism of elicting an action potential in a neuron with input from multiple presynaptic cells,q)trigger zone:it is an area of the body or of acell , in which a specific type of stimulation triggers a specific types of response.r)myelination:the production of myelin sheath around the axon,s)saltatory conduction:it is the propagation of action potential along myelinated axons from one nodes of renvier to nodes.t) nodes of ranvier:these are myelin sheath gaps occurs along the myelinated axon where the axolemma is exposed to the extracelular space,u)axon terminals:these are the distal termination of the telodendria(branches of an axon.v)voltage gated ca+ channels: these are present in the membrane of the excitable cells with a permeability to the ca+ ion , w) synaptic vesicles:thesestore various neurotransmitter that are released at the synapse,x)neurotransmitter: are endogenous chemical that enable neurotransmission, synapse:it is a structure that permits a neuron to pass an electrical or chemical signal to the another neuron.y)ionotropic receptors: it is an receptor protein that forms part of a ligand gated ion channel , z)metabotropic receptors:it is a type of membrane receptor of eukaryotic cells that acts through a second messenger.( time is not sufficient to complete the answer sorry, time is over)

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