2. As with exercise, hemorrhage (sudden massive blood loss) results in activatio
ID: 3518146 • Letter: 2
Question
2. As with exercise, hemorrhage (sudden massive blood loss) results in activation of the sympathetic (fight-or-flight) division of the nervous system. Consider the homeostatic reflexes that would occur. How will the body respond to keep you alive as long as possible? a. What is the main homeostatic variable in this system? b. What is the stimulus/error signal that happens with major blood loss? c. How will this information be detected and sent to an integration center? d. What might the integration center be? e. How acute/chronic will the responses be? f. What effectors will be involved in opposing the error signal? What will each do? g. Interestingly, even though both exercise and hemorrhage involve sympathetic activation, the effects on TPR tend to be different. Where is TPR controlled? What change should happen to offset the error signal in hemorrhage? ExplainExplanation / Answer
A - main homeostatic mechanism that plays major role is the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM in association with the nervous system.
B - during haemorrhage due to massive blood loss their is hypovolemia develops which lead to decrese in cardiac ouput and perfusion to all organs compromised specially BRAIN, KIDNEY, HEART.
initial stimuli to come is the excessive stimulation of sympathetic stimulation wich cause relese of catacholemines, which causes massive vasoconstriction and stimulate ADRINAL glannd to cause relese of cortisol the life saving hormone.
C - this information about massive haemorrhage is send to integrated system via - stimulation of BARORECEPTOR in carotid and aortic arch which sense fall in blood pressure and mean arterial pressure and detect by the hypothalamus as low blood volume directly,and via pain receptor to stimulate CNS to activate sympathetic nervous sytem
D- integration system include sympathetic nervous system from CNS cause vaso constriction
activation of vasomotor center in the medulla mainly RVNL sympathetic tone to SA andAV NODE lead to increse in blood pressure and increse cardiac output
at the site of injury due to relese of endothelin immediate vasoconstriction occur as well activation of platelats and coagulation pathway to stop bleeding further loccaly.
also renin relese due to hypoperfusion and hypoxia cause RAAS system to activate and Na and water retention start to maintain blood volume.
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