er Urinary system .Know the functional anatomy of the kidney and nephron .Know t
ID: 3518651 • Letter: E
Question
er Urinary system .Know the functional anatomy of the kidney and nephron .Know the iuportance of the loop of Henle, as well as its functional anatomy Know the 4 renal exchange processes-Filtration, reabsorption, secretion, excretion. Know where in the nephron they occur and what substances (glucose, sodium, etc) are involved. Are these passive or active? Why should you never drink sea-water? Understand how the medullary osmotic gradient is established and why it is important during the concentration of urine. What is the name of the process that established the gradient? Understand how ADH regulates urine concentration (and water balance) ADH-Where is it produced? What does it do? Can you describe the flow of fltrate/urine from the afferent arteriole, to the bladder? Can you describe what happens at each section of the nephron? Understand the RAAS system and its importance to water balance and maintenance of Mean Arterial Pressure .Explanation / Answer
renal exchange processes are the passive processes.
sea water contains lots of salt in it and our body make urine which is less salty than sea water so to excrete this sea water body will loss more water to make it less salty which wiill cause dehydration of the body.
-medullary omotic gradient is established by countercurrent mechanism.
it is the mechanism that expands energy to create a concentration gradient.
-ADH is the hormone synthesised as a peptide prohormone in the neurons of the hypothalamus.
it regulates the tonicity of the body fluids.it causes the kidney to reabsorb solute free water and return it to the circulation from tubules of the nephron.
-Urine that is expelled from the bladder has essentially the same composition as fluid flowing out of the collecting ducts; there are no significant changes in the composition of urine as it flows through the renal calyces and ureters to the bladder. Urine flowing from the collecting ducts into the renal calyces stretches the calyces and increases their inherenpacemaker activity, which in turn initiates peristaltic contractions that spread to the renal pelvis and then downward along the length of the ureter, thereby forcing urine from the renal pelvis toward the bladder. In adults, the ureters are normally 25 to 35 centimeters (10 to 14 inches) long. The walls of the ureters contain smooth muscle and are innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves, as well as by an intramural plexus of neurons and nerve fibers that extends along the entire length of the ureters. As with other visceral smooth muscle, peristaltic contractions in the ureter are enhanced by parasympathetic stimulation and inhibited by sympathetic stimulation. The ureters enter the bladder through the detrusor muscle in the trigone region of the bladder,. Normally, the ureters course obliquely for several centimeters through the bladder wall. The normal tone of the detrusor muscle in the bladder wall tends to compress the ureter, thereby preventing backflow (reflux) of urine from the bladder when pressure builds up in the bladder during micturition or bladder compression. Each peristaltic wave along the ureter increases the pressure within the ureter so that the region passing through the bladder wall opens and allows urine to flow into the bladder. In some people, the distance that the ureter courses through the bladder wall is less than normal, so contraction of the bladder during micturition does not always lead to complete occlusion of the ureter. As a result, some of the urine in the bladder is propelled backward into the ureter, a condition called vesicoureteral reflux. Such reflux can lead to enlargement of the ureters and, if severe, can increase the pressure in the renal calyces and structures of the renal medulla, causing damage to these regions.
Related Questions
Navigate
Integrity-first tutoring: explanations and feedback only — we do not complete graded work. Learn more.