37. Describe the actions of interferons I and II in immune responses to viral in
ID: 3519088 • Letter: 3
Question
37. Describe the actions of interferons I and II in immune responses to viral infections. bladder disease is caused by gall stones,inflammation, or infection and leads to gall bladder dysfunction. A) What digestive problem is a person with gall bladder disease likely to have? B) To test the function of the gall bladder, patients are injected with a hormone that stimulates release of its contents. If no release is observed, it is concluded that the gall bladder is not functioning properly. What is the hormone that is injected? 38. Gall 39. Explain labeled-line coding and provide a specific example. What exactly is the "label" and the "line" in your example?Explanation / Answer
37] Type I interferons are produced when the body recognises that a virus has invaded it. They are produced by fibroblasts and monocutes . Once released, type I interferons bind to specific receptors on target cells , which leads to expression of proteins that will prevent the virus from producing and replicating it RNA and DNA .
Interferons II are also known as immune interferons and is activated by Interleukin- 12. Type II interferons are released by cytotoxic T cells and Helper T cells . However, they block the proliferation of Helper T cell type II.
Interferon Type II binds to IFNGR which consists of IFGNR 1 and IFGNR 2 chains and has a different receptor than interferon type I.
38] A] A person suffering from gall bladder disease will not be able to digest fats properly. Bile juice creates an alkaline medium in the small intestine for the action of enzymes pepsin and trypsin which help in digestion of proteins. Bile juice plays an important role in 'emulsification' of fats which means converting big fat molecules into smaller ones so that lypase can act on it and break it down into fatty acids and glycerols. Bile juice also helps in absorption of fat soluble vitamins like vitamin A, D, E and K.
B] Fatty acids in the small intestine induce endocrine cells to secrete the hormone cholecystokinin which , in turn, stimulates the gall bladder to contract to secrete the bile juice. Also, this hormone causes the relaxation of sphincter muscles present in the Oddi . This opens up the duct ,facilitating the release of bile juice into the intestine.
39] Lbelled line coding is a hypothesis to explain how different nerves, all of which use the same physiological principles intransmitting impulses along their axons , are able to generate different sensations.
Neural coding is a neuroscience field concerned with characterising the relationship between the stimulus and the neuronal response .
Tonic receptors adapt slowly to a stimulus and continue to produce action potentials as long as the stimulus lasts. In contrast, phasic receptors give quick response to a stimulus.
There are specific neuronal circuits or labeled lines transmitting specific sensory informations from the skin or other sense organs to the brain. The generation of specific sensations often overlap but still are percieved specifically by that part of the brain.
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