16. Identify vessel structure and pressures (osmotic, hydrostatic, net) then det
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16. Identify vessel structure and pressures (osmotic, hydrostatic, net) then determine capillary exchange of fluid, cells and solutes. 17. Sumerize and give examples of local auto regulation, neural (barorecptor reflex, chemoreceptor reflex, sympathetic stimulation) and hormonal mechanisms controlling blood flow. 18. Explain the homeostatic responses to hemorrhaging, anaphylactic shock, light and heavy exercise. 19. Trace blood flow through the pulmonary circuit and identify major vessels (pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins) 20. Trace blood flow through the systemic Circuit and identify the major vessels (see list below) 23. Define and explain the significance of the Venus reverse and anastomoses. 24. Define blood flow, blood pressure, blood velocity, vasodilation, vasoconstriction and peripheral resistance and identify the relationships between them. Anatomy & Physiology II Comprehensive Final Exam Study Guide 17. CV21- Summarize and give examples of local auto regulation, neural (baroreceptor reflex, chemoreceptor reflex, sympathetic stimulation), and hormo flow nal mechanisms controlling blood 18. CV22- Explain the homeostatic responses to hemorrhaging, anaphylactic shock, light and heavy exercise. 19. CV23- Trace blood flow through the pulmonary circuit and identify the major vessels (Pulmonary trunk, Pulmonary arteries, Pulmonary veins) 20. CV24- Trace blood flow through the systemic circuit and Identify the major vessels (see list below) Veins Accending Aorta Aortic Arch Superior Vena Cava Internal Jugular Subclaviar Brachial Basilic Brachiocephalic External Jugular Thoracic Aorta Right Common Carotid Right Subelavian Brachial Axillary Left Common CarotidAzygos Internal Carotid Basilar Anterior Cerebral Left Subclavian Vertebral Cephalic Median Cubital Hemiazygos Ulnar Femoral Popletial Tibial Small Saphenous Radial Ulnar External Carotid Cerebral Arterial Circle Posterior Cerebral Middle Cerebral Anterior Communicating Abdominal Aorta Superior Mesenteric Inferior Vena Cava External Iliac Fibular Celiac Trunk Inferior Mesenteric Internal Iliac Common lliac Renal Hepatic Portal System Hepatic Gastric Common lliac External Iliac Femoral Fibular Internal Iliac Popletial Doraslis Pedis Tibial 21. SECOND QUESTION OVER ABOVE 22. THIRD QUESTION OVER ABOVE 23. CV28- Define and explain the significance of the venous reserve and the anastomoses. 24. CV29- Define blood flow, blood pressure, blood velocity, vasodilation, vasoconstriction and peripheral resistance and identify the relationships between them. 25. SECOND QUESTION OVER ABOVE Lymphatic System (Martini Chapter 22) LMI- Describe the functions of the lymphatic system and identify the three major 1. 2. LM4- Describe the formation and trace the movement of lymph contrasting differences 3. LM5- Identify and describe the major lymphatic tissues and organs, their component 4. LM6-Compare and contrast innate (nonspecific) defenses with adaptive (specific) defenses components: lymph tissues & organs, lymph vessels and lymph between the right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct pathways. structure, and functions LM7- List and describe the nonspecific defenses (Barriers, Phagocytes, Immunological 5. Surveillance, Interferons, Complement, Inflammation, Fever) identifying the location,Explanation / Answer
16. Osmotic and hydrostatic pressures are the pressures which opposes factors thay drive capillary dynamics. Capillary exchange is the exchange of materials from blood into tissues in the capillary. Capillary dynamics are controlled by four starling forces.
There are three mechanisms that facilitate capillary exchange. They are diffusion, transcytosis and bulk flow.
Osmotic pressure is exerted by proteins in blood plasma or interstitial fluid, where as hydrostatic force is the force generated by the pressure of fluid with in or out side of capillary on the capillary wall.
Movement from blood stream into interstitum is favoured by interstitial fluid oncotic pressure and blood hydrostatic pressure where as the movement from interstitum into blood stream is favoured by interstial fluid hydrostatic pressure and blood oncotic pressure.
17. The homeostatic mechanisms which ensure blood pressure, adequate blood flow, distribution and ultimate perfusion are autoregulation, neural mechanism and endocrine mechanism.
Autoregulation changes to blood flow detected by local receptors and includes vasofilators and vasoconstrictors .
Neural mechanism is used to determine blood pressure and blood chemistry in cardiac centres and vasomotir centres.
Endocrine mechanism is used to determine blood pressure, blood flow etc. in renal system, adrenal system, brain and heart. Renal system includes erythropoetin, renin/angiotensin/aldosterone. Adrenal system includes catecholamines. Brain includes antidiuretic harmone. Heart includes atrial natriuretic harmone.
Baroreceptors are located in areas of blood vessels and heart chambers which responds to degree of stretch caused by presence of blood. They send impulse to cardiovascular centres to regular blood pressure.
Chemoreceptors reflexes monitor levels of O2, CO2 and pH which contributesto vascular homeostasis. They signal cardiovascular as well as respiratory centres in medulla oblongata.
The sympathetic stimulation occurs vasoconstriction in arterioles with integument, abdominal viscera and mucosa membrane.In this the skeletal muscles are at high levels which varies in veins and venules. It occurs vasodilation in arterioles with in heart.Skeletal muscles are at low to moderate levels.
18. Exercise greatly reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases including hypertension and improves cardiovascular function. Hypertension is a leading cause of strokes and heart attacks.
Significant haemorrhage leads to firm of circulatory shock which is known as hypovolemic shock.
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