Understand the 4 types of cellular injury that can occur and why. Know the 2 dif
ID: 3519145 • Letter: U
Question
Understand the 4 types of cellular injury that can occur and why.
Know the 2 different types of inflammation, local and peripheral, and examples of each. Understand the different effusions that can happen with cancer and how you would know where in the body the cancer is from based on the effusion.
What are the tests that Professor Heine talked about during the cancer lecture that the nurse can use to help diagnose and what are each testing for specifically?
Understand the hormones that regulate hunger.
There are different types of stress, which one is good for you?
What can you do as a nurse to help ease someone who is feeling anxiety and stress?
Understand the different types of immunity and how the complement system effects them.
Who are at the most risk for alterations in immunity?
Explanation / Answer
Types of cell damage- sub lethal (reversible)
1) cellular swelling- also known as cloudy swelling. It may occur due to cellular hypoxia, which damages the sodium- potassium membrane pump, it is reversible when the cause is eliminated.
2) lethal
Necrosis- it is characterised by cytoplasmic swelling, irreversible damage to the plasma membrane, and organelle breakdown leading to cell death.
3) Apoptosis- it is the programmed cell death of superfluous or potentially harmful cells in the body. It is an energy dependent process mediated by proteolytic enzymes called caspases, which triggers cell death through cleaving of specific proteins in the cytoplasm and nucleus.
4) fatty change- the cell has been damaged and is unable to adequately metabolize fat. Small vacuoles of fat accumulate and dispersed within cytoplasm. Mild fatty change may have no effect on cell function, however more severe fatty change can impair cellular function.
There are two types of inflammation- acute and chronic.
1) cut-off it arises after a cut or scrape in the skin, an infected ingrown nail, a sprained ankle, acute bronchitis, a sore throat, tonsillitis or appendicitis. It is short-term and effects subside after a few days.
2) chronic inflammation- it is long term and occurs in 'wear and tear' conditions including osteoarthritis and autoimmune diseases such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, allergies, asthma, inflammatory bowel disease and Crohn's disease. Habitual or environmental factors such as excess weight, poor diet, lack of exercise, stress, somking, pollution, poor oral health and excessive alcohol consumption can also lead to chronic inflammation.
Effusions that can happen with cancer-
Pleural effusion- a pleural effusion is a buildup of extra fluid in the space between lungs and chest wall. This area is called pleural space. About half of people with cancer develop a pleural effusion.
When cancer grows in pleural space, it causes a malignant pleural effusion. This condition is a sign that the cancer has spread or metastasized to other areas of the body. Common causes of malignant pleural effusion are lymphoma and cancers of breast, lungs and ovary. Although a malignant pleural effusion is treatable, it can be a serious, potentially life- threatening condition.
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