Skeletal Homework Name 1. What are the primary functions of the appendicular ske

Question

Skeletal Homework Name 1. What are the primary functions of the appendicular skeleton AND the axial skeleton? 2. A recent headline on the sports page of the newspaper read, "Football player dies waiting for leg surgery." He died because of a lung hemorrhage and an inability to oxygenate his blood. How is this possible, what is the relationship between leg and lungs? 3. During a child's routine physical examination it is discovered that one leg is shorter than the other. Relative to the spinal column, what might be a plausible explanation for this condition? 4. What are 3 differences between the male and female pelvis? 5. What is the intervertebral disc? What is it made of? What is a bulging disc? What is a herniated disc?

Explanation / Answer

On the basis of the position of the skeletal structures; endoskeleton is divided into two parts; axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.

Axial Skeleton: it is present along the median longitudinal axis of our body. Comprises of the skull, vertebral coumn, sternum and ribs.

Fuctions: (a) providing support and balance to the body

(b) maintaining erect posture

(c) protection of delicate central nervous components like brain and spinal cord

(d) helps in the movement of sternum and thus lungs thus assisting in inspiration and expiration.

Appendicular skeleton: it is situated along the lateral sides and extends outwards from the principle axis. Includes bones of arms and legs, and girdles; pectoral and pelvic girdles respectively.

Functions: (a) holding things

(b) girdles provides support for the attachment of bones and muscles to the body

(c) bones of legs are mainly involved in propulsion and support

2. Haemmorhage refers to the loss of the blood from one’s body.

From the above scenario the most probable possibility which could have happened is that the football player would have met with a bone fracture. Due to the severity in the fracture, tiny particles of fats molecules would have been passes to the lungs of the player via blood pumped from the heart.

The tiny fat molecules could have blocked the air cavities; alveoli due to which the air exchange was interrupted due to which the player dies pertaining to insufficient oxygen supply across the body as the lungs were not working due to interruptions.

3. Spinal cord comprises of the central nervous system from where thirty one pair of spinal nerve arises. These nerves innervate different parts of our body and are responsible for our actions which are mainly involuntary. Spinal column is made up of the fusion of different boles. Any distortion in these bones, or the extreme narrowing of the channel leads to difference in the postural deviations or can also lead to many problems like differences in the sizes of the leg bones. It can also lead to bone deformities characterized as paget’s disease

4. Pelvis is the part of the human body which lies between the abdomen and the thighs. It is comprises of three bones namely- ilium, ischium, and pubis. The differences between the male and female pelvis is as given below

(a) pelvis of females are larger and wider compared to males

(b) the position of Iliac crest supporting the ilium bone in the pelvis of males lies higher compared to females due to which it looks taller and narrower

© In the male pelvis, the tail; coccyx is projected inwards and is immovable while in females coccyx is flexible so as to assist in the child delivery.

be expelled out forms the birth canal. Thus they are soft by nature and later gets hardened in due course of time as the baby grows.

5. Intervertebral discs.

These are the disc like structures which are present between the bodies of the adjacent vertebrae starting from the second vertebral bone; axis and continues till the sacrum bones.

Structure: each disc comprises of an outer fibrous ring consisting of the fibrocartilage and an inner disc made up of a soft, pulpy and highly elastic substance.

Functions include protection of the vertebral column from the shocks, permission of various types of movements within vertebral column like bending, and others.

When a portion of the intervertebral discs slips from their original location; leads to the occurrence of a bulging or a herniated disc. It occurs when the soft center of the spinal disc gets pushed through a crack.

Treatment involves medication, surgery or physiotherapy

6. The main point regarding the bones is that they exhibit a bidirectional growth compared to cartilages which exhibit a unidirectional growth.

Spongy tissue area of a bone is marked by the presence of a disc or a plate like structure called epiphyseal plate. This plate is visible in the bones of adults ay a faint line,

For a boy who is just 15 years of age; that is has not attained the adolescent stage and is still growing has the epiphyseal plates open. Due to which the continuous growth in both the directions is exhibited and the boy grows in height.

However after the attainment of adolescence, the gonads becomes fully functional and starts to release steroidal hormones like testosterone. These hormones causes the closure of the epiphyseal plate which is marked by the cease in the height. That is observed in a man of 35 years old which does not grow in height.

7.   Human face is made from a total of fourteen keystone bones namely-

Zygomatic (2 in number)

Maxilla (2 in number)

Nasal bones (2 in number)

Lacrimal bone (1)

Vomer (1)

Palatine bones (2)

Inferior nasal conchae/turbinated bones (2)

Mandible (1)

Put together they form the structure of our face.

8. Elbow is made from the junction of three bones namely-

Humerus (arm bone)

Radius (bone which runs towards the thumb side)

Ulna ( bone which runs towards the side of little finger)

Knee likewise is made from the junction of bones namely-

Femur (thigh bone)

Tibia (the shin bone)

And the knee capbone (patella)

9. arches in the fort are formed by the meeting and junction of the boles of legs – tarsals and metatarsals.

Tarsals are 7 in number and metatarsals are 8 in number.

Their junction is further supported by the ligaments and the tendons which allows our foot to bear the complete weight of our body

10. Infants have a very soft skull which is marked by incompletely developed cranial bones separated by the fibrous membranes. These are called fontanels.

They have an important significance as the infants had to be delivered via the birth canal which is very narrow. So if the skull bones would be hardened; it will not be possible for the foetus to be expelled out from the birth canal. Thus they are soft by nature and later gets hardened in due course of time as the baby grows.

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