A virus has infected some cells lining your respiratory tract. They alert mast c

Question

A virus has infected some cells lining your respiratory tract. They alert mast cells. Dendritic cells collect some viral particles to alert lymphocytes.

1. How will mast cells initiate inflammation?

2. What IS inflammation, and how will it help?

3. How will the infected cells help their neighbors to avoid infection? Explain the process.

4. What will arriving NK cells do?

5. How might complement help?

6. How will antibodies help, once they are produced?

7. Why is it useful for pathogens to be opsonized?

8. Where will the dendritic cell go, and (generally) what will it do?

9. Which type of lymphocyte coordnates the immune response by secreting cytokines?

10. Which type will kill infected self cells?

11. Which type makes antibodies?

12. How will neutrophils and macrophages help?

Explanation / Answer

1) The mast cells which are IgE primed when activated by allergen (virus), releases chemical mediators such as histamine, cytokinin, heparin, etc. These mediators initiates the process of inflammation.

2) Inflammation is swollen airway due to hypersensitivity to virus, caused by chemical mediators and obstructed pathway. As mast cells respond to allegen, the releases granular subtances such as histamine, which increases vascular permeability and also helps in expulsion of parasites.

3) The infected cells communicate with the neighbouring cells about the infection by a process called apoptosis. It is programmed cell death. The infected cell dies, to aware neighbouring cells so that they cal live and prevent getting infected.

4) NK cells ( Natural killer cells) are activated in response to cyctokinin. They generate cycotoxic T-cells that helps in clearing the infection.

5) Complemet system will enhance the ability of antibodies to remove microbes and damaged cells.

6) Antibodies are produced in responce to antigens. They bind with pathogen to prevent them invading, they stimulate macrophages to remove pathogens and trigger immune response for destruction of pathogens.

7) Pathogens are opsonised to get marked, so that complement system can work effectively for ingestion of pathogen.

8) Dendrite cells after activation, moves to lymphatic system to activate T-cell and B-cell and enhance immune responses.

9) T-lymphocytes coordnates the immune response by secreting cytokines.

10) Natural killer lymphocyte kills infected self cells to stop the spead of infection.

11) B-lymphocyte makes antibodies.

12) Neutophils and macrophages help by performing phagocytosis, englufing the foriegn body.

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