During an inflammatory response, Fibroblasts release [ Select ] [\"cytokines\",

Question

During an inflammatory response, Fibroblasts release                            [ Select ]                       ["cytokines", "histamine"]         which signals                           [ Select ]                       ["mast cells", "neutrophils", "basophils"]         and                            [ Select ]                       ["eosinophils", "mast cells", "macrophages"]         to be released from the                           [ Select ]                       ["yellow bone marrow", "red bone amrrow"]         .

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Question 21 pts

When a neutrophil, containing a selectin receptor, rolls along the endothelial cells of the capillary, it sticks to selectins on the basilar side of the endothelial cells.

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Question 31 pts

What is the correct order a bacterial fragment moves through a macrophage before being presented on the surface of an MHC protein?

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Question 41 pts

Which regions of the antibody structure are involved with the 3D shape of the antibody binding pocket?

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Question 51 pts

***This is an example of a test question***

In inflammation, mast cells release histamine which _____________________.

Explanation / Answer

Question 1. During an inflammatory response, Fibroblasts release "cytokines" which signals "neutrophils" and "macrophages" to be released from the "red bone marrow".

Note: Apart form other functions fibroblast has an important role in inflammation. Upon activation it releases IL-1beta, TGFbeta1, IL-13, CXC etc. that infleunce activation of macrophages and neutrophills.

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Question 2. When a neutrophil, containing a selectin receptor, rolls along the endothelial cells of the capillary, it sticks to selectins on the basilar side of the endothelial cells.

TRUE

Note: In a process of netrophill extravasation, the neutrophill roles over the endothellial cell wall of blood vessel. Neutrophill contains a selectin receptors (Mucin like CAM) and the endothellial cell contains selectin cell adhesion molecule (E-Selectin). when selectin binds to its recptor, the neutrophill stops rolling and sticks. Then it starts transendothelial migration.

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Question 3. What is the correct order a bacterial fragment moves through a macrophage before being presented on the surface of an MHC protein?

= Endocytosis -> lysosome chops proteins into fragments -> binds MHC protein in endosome.

Note: The antigen presentation process includes two pathway. One endogenous antigens are produced via MHC class 1 molecule and exogenous antigens are produced via MHC class 2 molecules. When antibody or complimentary proteins brings foreign antigen to phagocytic cells, they are engulfed by a process called endocytosis. Then these antigen proteins are degraded inside lysome. Then the residue peptides of the protein binds to MHC 1 molecules in an endosome. The endosome is then fused with membrane to present to T helper cells.

Question 4. Which regions of the antibody structure are involved with the 3D shape of the antibody binding pocket?

= Variable heavy and variable light chains

Note: Antibody is a globular protein molecule, which is a tetramer. It contains two heavy chains and two light chains. Both the chains contains a constant region, that is common to all same type of antibody produced in the body (IgG, IgM, IgD, IgA, and IgE); and a variable region, that is different sequentially to each type of antibody. The heavy and light chains are connected via sulphur bonds at cystein residues and has a hinge region thet gives the antibody flexibility. The antibody has a binding site to antigen at the end of variable region of both chains. It is 3 dimensional in shape so that it can recognize the antigen and bind it perfectly.

Question 5. In inflammation, mast cells release histamine which:

= both B and C are correct -
dilate blood vessels by relaxing arteriolar smooth muscle
increases the permiability of the capillary endothelium to water

Note: Histamins are amines which are produced during inflammation by mast cells and basophills. It is a potent mediator of inflammation. It binds to H1 histamin receptors of endothelium cells. It cause relaxation of endothellial cells so that the vessels diameter widens. Also it looses the tight junction and thus permeability increases for blood cells and water.

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