Which of these do you think would have the most severe effect on digestion: surg

Question

Which of these do you think would have the most severe effect on digestion: surgical removal of the stomach, gallbladder or pancreas? Why?

2. A man fell from a scaffold and severed his thoracic spinal cord. How specifically might this affect his bladder function?

3. Define Glycogenesis, Glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis. Which is /are more likely to be occurring

(a) shortly after a carbohydrate-rich meal, (b) just before waking up in the morning?

4. A college student is struck by a car. On arriving at the ER, she is unconscious with internal hemorrhaging. How will the condition affect her GFR (glomerular filtration rate)? Why?

5. Explain how an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) would be effective as an antihypertensive.

Explanation / Answer

1. Removal of pancreas

2. Bladder function is under control of sacral region (by sympathetic and parasympathetic system). In thoracic spine injury the afferent from bladder and efferent from brain are disrupted. This lead to -

3. Glycogen - synthesis of glycogen from glucose

A. Glycogenesis - as just after meal blood glucose rises and this is utilized for formation of glycogen (a storage form) which can be used later for energy.

B. Glycogenolysis - as body needs energy for functioning and the blood glucose is low therefore glycogen is broken and the glucose formed is utilized.

4. Decrease - GFR is indirect measure of blood volime. GFR measures kidney perfusion. As the patient is in hypovolemia therefore blood flow to kidney is decreased and thus GFR also decrease

5. ACE enzymes act of Angiotensin I to form Angiotensin II . Angiotensin II act of adrenal and stimulate release of Aldosterone. Both aldosterone and angiotensin II maintain increase blood pressure by causing - vasoconstriction, increase sodium and water reabsorption, they also cause pathological remodeling of heart in hypertension. Thus inhibitor of this enzyme would antagonize all this function.

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