When you run a traceroute and look at the delay measurements taken at each route

Question

When you run a traceroute and look at the delay measurements taken at each router, the delay time can be viewed as monotonically increasing. However, sometimes the delay will not increase monotonically.

For example:

10. de.fr.1.geant.net (122.122.2.90) 113 ms 121 ms 114 ms

11. renater.georgia.mast.org (23.1.32.6) 112ms 114 ms 112 ms

Why is it so that sometimes the measured times will not increase monotonically? I think it had something to do with the change in the "state of the Internet," but I don't really understand it.

Explanation / Answer

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This reference gives a clear explanation for this:

https://cs.uwaterloo.ca/~bernard/sec10.pdf

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