A microcontroller is reading a sequence of data from an EEPROM. The EEPROM has 4

Question

A microcontroller is reading a sequence of data from an EEPROM. The EEPROM has 4KB total storage space and is addressable by byte (ie., each byte in EEPROM has the a unique address). The microcontroller sends the address of a byte in the EEPROM that it needs to read (do NOT confuse this address with the 7-bit device address I^2C) and the EEPROM will return that Byte. How many frames including 12C address frame) are to be exchanged between the microcontroller and the EEPROM in order for the microcontroller to read 1 byte from the EEPROM?

Explanation / Answer

Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM) is like a ROM but data can be erased from it electrically without removing it from the computer. Data is created in them by electrical pulses and a grid. We can also change the data in it according to our requirement, to erase a certain data we don’t have to erase the prom completely like in a regular rom. A basic ROM chip can only be programmed once whereas an EEPROM can be programmed again and again.

The following steps describe the interfacing and data transmission between the microcontroller and the EEPROM:

START CONDITION:

The start condition initiates the read or write operation. The SCL should be high and the SDA should transit from high to low, when this condition occurs then the EEPROM gets the signal that controller is ready. At the end of start condition the SCL signal becomes low because the transmission of data occurs when the SCL signal transits from low to high.

Transfer of bits to EEPROM:

1 bit at a time is transferred when the clock signal goes from low to high. SDA pin will become the input and recieves the bits. Transfer of data should not happen when the clock cycle is high because the device will interpret it as either start or stop condition. Transfer of data can be done when the clock cycle is low.

Acknowledgement bit:- EEPROM will send 0 to the microcontroller when it will recieve the word. The acknowledgement bit is read by the controller.

Read/Write operations:- Fixed set of words are transferred during the read/write operations. When the operation is completed, a stop signal will be sent which indicates that the process is complete.

Stop condition:- it will be generated after the succesfull transmission of the data. The clock cycle should remain high and sda should transits from low to high to define the stop condition.

There are two types of the transmissions :-

Serial transmission:- In this type of transmission, we transfer the multi bit word bit after bit.

Parallel transmission:- In this type of the transmission, number of bits will be transferred at once from 1 computer to another.

Two types of communications:-

synchronous communication:- the information is transferred from the sender to the reciever with the following parameters:

in sequence, bit after bit, with the fixed baud rate, and the clock frequency is transmitted along with the bits.

Asynchronous communication:- the transmitter and the reciever are refraining to transmit long sequences of bits because there is no synchronization between the transmitter and the reciever. In this case, information is divided into frames, the size of the byte. Each frame has the start bit to mark the beginning and the stop bit to mark the end of the frame.

4kb of memory = 212 bytes so there will be 12 addressing bits for each memory chip

since there are 4 address lines so 24 = 16 frames are required.

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