please give short answers Answer the following questions 1. Why will two ISPs at
ID: 3599041 • Letter: P
Question
please give short answers
Answer the following questions 1. Why will two ISPs at the same level of the hierarchy often peer with each other? How does an IXP earn money? 2. Consider sending a packet from a source host to a destination host over a fixed route. List the delay components in the end-to-end delay. Which of these delays are constant and which are variable? 3. Suppose end system A wants to send a large file to end system B. At a very high level, describe how end system A creates packets from the file. When one of these packets arrives to a packet switch, what information in the packet does the switch use to determine the link onto which the packet is forwarded? Why is packet switching in the Internet analogous to driving from one city to another and asking directions along the way? 4. What is an application-layer message? A transport-layer segment? A network layer datagram? A link-layer frame?Explanation / Answer
1. By peering with each other, two ISP's can reduce their cost and avoid paying to the intermediate ISP provider.An ISP earns its money by charging each of the the ISPs that connect to the IXP a relatively small fee, which may depend on the amount of traffic sent to or received from the IXP.
2.The delay components are processing delays, transmission delays, propagation delays, and queuing delays. All of these delays are fixed, except for the queuing delays, which are variable.
3. End system A breaks the large file into chunks. It adds header to each chunk, thereby generating multiple packets from the file. The header in each packet includes the IP address of the destination (end system B). The packet switch uses the destination IP address in the packet to determine the outgoing link. Asking which road to take is analogous to a packet asking which outgoing link it should be forwarded on, given the packet’s destination address.
4.Application-layer message: data which an application wants to send and passed onto the transport layer.
transport-layer segment: generated by the transport layer and encapsulates application-layer message with transport layer header; network-layer datagram: encapsulates transport-layer segment with a network-layer header; link-layer frame: encapsulates networklayer datagram with a link-layer header
Related Questions
Navigate
Integrity-first tutoring: explanations and feedback only — we do not complete graded work. Learn more.