Activity 7.4.3: Troubleshooting DHCP and NAT NOTE TO USER: This activity is a va

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Activity 7.4.3: Troubleshooting DHCP and NAT NOTE TO USER: This activity is a variation of Lab 7.4.3. Packet Tracer may not support all the tasks specified in the hands-on lab. This activity should not be considered equivalent to completing the hands-on lab. Packet Tracer is not a substitute for a hands-on lab experience with real equipment. Addressing Table Device Interface IP Address Subnet Mask R1 S0/0/0 172.16.0.1 255.255.255.252 Fa0/0 172.16.10.1 255.255.255.0 Fa0/1 172.16.11.1 255.255.255.0 R2 S0/0/0 172.16.0.2 255.255.255.252 S0/0/1 209.165.201.1 255.255.255.252 Fa0/0 172.16.20.1 255.255.255.0 ISP S0/0/1 209.165.201.2 255.255.255.252 Learning Objectives Upon completion of this lab, you will be able to: Find and correct network errors. Document the corrected network. Scenario The routers at your company were configured by an inexperienced network engineer. Several errors in the configuration have resulted in connectivity issues. Your boss has asked you to troubleshoot and correct the configuration errors and document your work. Using your knowledge of DHCP, NAT, and standard testing methods, find and correct the errors. Make sure all clients have full connectivity. The user EXEC password is cisco, and the privileged EXEC password is class. Task 1: Find and Correct Network Errors Step 1. Troubleshoot and correct all errors. Use troubleshooting commands to discover errors and then correct them. When all errors are corrected, you should be able to ping from PC1 and PC2 to ISP. ISP should be able to ping the inside web server at its public IP address. Step 2. Check results. After correcting all errors, your completion percentage should be 100%. Task 2: Document the Corrected Network On each router, issue the show run command and capture the configurations.

Explanation / Answer

Page 1: IPv6 Tunneling Tunneling is an integration method where an IPv6 packet is encapsulated within another protocol, such as IPv4. This method enables the connection of IPv6 islands without needing to convert the intermediary networks to IPv6. When IPv4 is used to encapsulate the IPv6 packet, a protocol type of 41 is specified in the IPv4 header, and the packet includes a 20-byte IPv4 header with no options and an IPv6 header and payload. It also requires dual-stack routers. Tunneling presents these two issues. The maximum transmission unit (MTU) is effectively decreased by 20 octets if the IPv4 header does not contain any optional fields. In addition, a tunneled network is often difficult to troubleshoot. Tunneling is an intermediate integration and transition technique and should not be considered as a final solution. A native IPv6 architecture should be the ultimate goal. 7.3.5 - IPv6 Tunneling The diagram depicts IPv6 tunneling as a transition mechanism. Network Topology: Two IPv6 network clouds are interconnected by an IPv4 network cloud, such as the Internet. IPv6 Host1 is connected to IPv6 Network Cloud1, which is connected to R1, a dual-stacked router. R1 is connected to the IPv4 network cloud. IPv6 Host2 is connected to IPv6 Network Cloud2, which is connected to R2, a dual-stacked router. R2 is also connected to the IPv4 network cloud. Tunneling is an integration method in which an IPv6 packet is encapsulated within another protocol, such as IPv4. This method of encapsulation is IPv4: - Includes a 20-byte IPv4 header with no options, and an IPv6 header and payload. - Requires dual-stack routers. The two dual-stacked routers, R1 and R2, provide a tunnel for IPv6 over IPv4 packets. The IPv6 data is encapsulated in an IPv6 header, and the entire IPv6 data and IPv6 header combined are encapsulated in an IPv4 header. Page 2: Manually Configured IPv6 Tunnel A manually configured tunnel is equivalent to a permanent link between two IPv6 domains over an IPv4 backbone. The primary use is for stable connections that require regular secure communication between two edge routers or between an end system and an edge router, or for connection to remote IPv6 networks. The end routers must be dual stacked, and the configuration cannot change dynamically as network and routing needs change. Administrators manually configure a static IPv6 address on a tunnel interface, and assign manually configured static IPv4 addresses to the tunnel source and the tunnel destination. The host or router at each end of a configured tunnel must support both the IPv4 and IPv6 protocol stacks. Manually configured tunnels can be configured between border routers or between a border router and a host. 7.3.5 - IPv6 Tunneling The diagram depicts a manually configured IPv6 tunnel. Network Topology: Two IPv6 network clouds are interconnected by an IPv4 network cloud, such as the Internet. IPv6 Network Cloud1 is connected to R1, a dual-stacked router. R1 is connected to the IPv4 network cloud. IPv6 Network Cloud2 is connected to R2, a dual-stacked router. R2 is also connected to the IPv4 network cloud. Configured tunnels require: - Dual-stack endpoints. - IPv4 and IPv6 addresses configured at each end. Router R1's tunnel interface has IPv4 address 192.168.99.1 and IPv6 address 3ffe:b00:c18:1::3. Router R2's tunnel interface has IPv4 address 192.168.30.1 and IPv6 address 3ffe:b00:c18:2::2. 7.3.6 Routing Considerations with IPv6 Page 1: Routing Configurations with IPv6 Like IPv4 classless interdomain routing (CIDR), IPv6 uses longest prefix match routing. IPv6 uses modified versions of most of the common routing protocols to handle longer IPv6 addresses and different header structures. Larger address spaces make room for large address allocations to ISPs and organizations. An ISP aggregates all of the prefixes of its customers into a single prefix and announces the single prefix to the IPv6 Internet. The increased address space is sufficient to allow organizations to define a single prefix for their entire network. But how does this affect router performance? A brief review of how a router functions in a network helps illustrate how IPv6 affects routing. Conceptually, a router has three functional areas: The control plane handles the interaction of the router with the other network elements, providing the information needed to make decisions and control the overall router operation. This plane runs processes such as routing protocols and network management. These functions are generally complex. The data plane handles packet forwarding from one physical or logical interface to another. It involves different switching mechanisms such as process switching and Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF) on Cisco IOS software routers. Enhanced services include advanced features applied when forwarding data, such as packet filtering, quality of service (QoS), encryption, translation, and accounting. IPv6 presents each of these functions with specific new challenges. IPv6 Control Plane Enabling IPv6 on a router starts its control plane operating processes specifically for IPv6. Protocol characteristics shape the performance of these processes and the amount of resources necessary to operate them: IPv6 address size - Address size affects the information-processing functions of a router. Systems using a 64-bit CPU, bus, or memory structure can pass both the IPv4 source and destination address in a single processing cycle. For IPv6, the source and destination addresses require two cycles each-four cycles to process source and destination address information. As a result, routers relying exclusively on software processing are likely to perform slower than when in an IPv4 environment. Multiple IPv6 node addresses - Because IPv6 nodes can use several IPv6 unicast addresses, memory consumption of the Neighbor Discovery cache may be affected. IPv6 routing protocols - IPv6 routing protocols are similar to their IPv4 counterparts, but since an IPv6 prefix is four times larger than an IPv4 prefix, routing updates have to carry more information. Routing table Size -Increased IPv6 address space leads to larger networks and a much larger Internet. This implies larger routing tables and higher memory requirements to support them.

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