01. What are the functions of network management? 02. Show in a diagram how a Co

Question

01. What are the functions of network management? 02. Show in a diagram how a Communication Modeladdresses the way information is exchanged between systems (agents/managers)? 03.Discuss about the SNMP model Q4.The following data response information is received by the manager for a get-request with a varBindList. OBJECT udpInDatagrams 500,000 VALUE udpNoPorts udplnkrors 1,000 5500 udpOutDatagrams 300,000 a) Compose the get-request PDU PDU Request Emor Emor VarBind 1 VarBind 1 VarBind 2 VarBind 2 VarBind 3 VarBind 3 VarBind 4 VarBind 4 Type D Status IndexName NameVaeNameValueName Vaue 1234 b) Compose the get-response PDU Type D StausIndex NameVeNmeValName Value c Suppose that the information received contains the following error VALUE OBJECT Error Status Error Index udpInErrors What is the value of Error Status? i What is the value of Error Index? iiError Status and Error Index will be filled in the request, the response, or both?

Explanation / Answer

1)

Configuration

>The configuration is all about the devices and components used in networking.

>Network devices such as switches hubs and routers will be essential and need to be configured so that they can work and link up with each other
>User accounts also need to be configured and linked together to allow them to access resources such as printers and network folders and files stored on servers.
>Application software also needs to be properly sorted and configured as they need to have access to user folders and files and anything else the software needs to run correctly on the network.
>Security, the virus checking software needs to be configured of and when to scan, this needs to deal with any potential risks and viruses detected on the network, and scanning reports are sent to the network manager or administrator.

Fault Management:

>Fault management is about how the faults in a network are managed. It includes how faults are reported, can they be reported by phone, e-mail or can the technicians be physically visited and how the faults are dealt with once reported and how we know the job is done.
>Companies want minimum downtime for their networks. They want to do their work, and not deal with the hassle of network problems, because it wastes time and money. Hence the technicians goal is to have the system run as smoothly, efficiently as possible, which is why fault management is very important

Account management:

Account management includes all of the details of the accounts on the network. They could have a standard format for account names such as the year the employee joined, followed by surname, followed by forename to prevent users having the same usernames on the network. The accounts will passwords for security. There can be a minimum length on passwords; they may also require capitals letter, number and symbols in the passwords. The password may also expire after a certain number of days. The location and access to files is also essential.

Performance variables:

The performance variables include:

>Network throughput
The network throughput is the amount of data passing through the network. The amount of data passing through can be logged to ensure no one goes over their allocated limit.

>User response times
The user response times is the amount of time the computers in the network take to respond to a user’s request e.g. if large number of users try to log on at once response time will be slow. It also depends on the amount of traffic passing through the network.

>Line utilization
The line utilization is how much the line is utilized. It should not exceed its capacity. To stop the line exceeding its capacity the line can be logged to see how much it was utilized. If the capacity is exceeded need to anticipate how to improve the conditions and decrease pressure on the cable e.g. they could increase the cabling and or the devices, such as the switch etc.

Other Activities

Other activities include:

Planning
They need to plan ahead of to do, what to introduce or replace to the network to improve it. They need to plan in advance if they want to introduce a newer OS, so it can be implemented sooner. They need to decide if they need new hardware devices etc. so that they stay within their budget, or they can speak to the finance department, if they need to exceed their budget.

Designing
They need to anticipate where in the network and how to include new components. They need to decide where they will install new devices, if they are needed, which computers need a new OS. They need to decide if they should change the layout, and if it would be cost effective.

Installing
They also need to decide when they will install any new hardware or software because they cannot install new software or hardware, while the network is being used. They need to accurately predict how long it will take to install the new components or software. They need to know the accurate amount of time required, so the company can prepare for downtime, the longer systems are down the more loss they will have to face.

Reporting:
>The network manager has to report to the managing director of the company. So the network manager can plan for the future and decide, what to introduce or replace. They can focus on issues present in the network.

Routine performance management:

>The company’s networks would have a lot of information. They would have important work related. They would also have employee, and possible customer, information and the staff may have personal information on the computer. The network manager may have network information and software licences saved in the computer systems.
>They need to decide a fixed regular time to check the network and how long they will need for the check. They should also anticipate sudden increase of time needed to check the network. Time increase could mean the tape is failing and need replacing. They have to check for the efficiency of the company, quality standards.

2)

SNMP:
>Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is an application–layer protocol defined by the Internet Architecture Board (IAB) in RFC1157 for exchanging management information between network devices. It is a part of Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol (TCPIP) protocol suite.
>SNMP is one of the widely accepted protocols to manage and monitor network elements. Most of the professional–grade network elements come with bundled SNMP agent. These agents have to be enabled and configured to communicate with the network management system (NMS).

SNMP Standards
>Developed in the 1980s, the original version of SNMP, SNMPv1, lacked some important functionality and only worked with TCP/IP networks. An improved specification for SNMP, SNMPv2, was developed in 1992. SNMP suffers from various flaws of its own, so many networks remained on the SNMPv1 standard while others adopted SNMPv2.
>More recently, the SNMPv3 specification was completed in an attempt to address the problems with SNMPv1 and SNMPv2 and allow administrators to move to one common SNMP standard.

Using SNMP
To work with SNMP, network devices utilize a distributed data store called the Management Information Base (MIB). All SNMP compliant devices contain a MIB which supplies the pertinent attributes of a device. Some attributes are fixed (hard-coded) in the MIB while others are dynamic values calculated by agent software running on the device

Basic commands of SNMP:
>GET: The GET operation is a request sent by the manager to the managed device. It is performed to retrieve one or more values from the managed device.
>GET NEXT: This operation is similar to the GET. The significant difference is that the GET NEXT operation retrieves the value of the next OID in the MIB tree.
>GET BULK: The GETBULK operation is used to retrieve voluminous data from large MIB table.
>SET: This operation is used by the managers to modify or assign the value of the Managed device.
>TRAPS: Unlike the above commands which are initiated from the SNMP Manager, TRAPS are initiated by the Agents. It is a signal to the SNMP Manager by the Agent on the occurrence of an event.
>INFORM: This command is similar to the TRAP initiated by the Agent, additionally INFORM includes confirmation from the SNMP manager on receiving the message.

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