Having read the IPv6 articles in the Readings folder for this week. Write a 4 pa
ID: 3692261 • Letter: H
Question
Having read the IPv6 articles in the Readings folder for this week. Write a 4 page APA formatted paper that includes references to at least 3 external research sites.
New Internet Protocol Paper
Having read the IPv6 articles in the Readings folder for this week.
Write a 4 page APA formatted paper that includes references to at least 3 external research sites.
The paper will consist of the front page, 2 or 3 content pages, and a reference page. Include graphs - full-page graphics will not count towards the number of pages.
Have you or your employer been impacted by the migration to IPv6?
Have the time and cost estimates made by NIST been born out; are they more costly or less costly, or the same?
Is IPv6 worth the effort?
Due midnight Saturday
****APA format- i will do it myself.
Explanation / Answer
Article:#1
What is IPv6?
Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) is a network layer protocol that enables data communications over a packet switched network. Packet switching involves the sending and receiving of data in packets between two nodes in a network. The working standard for the IPv6 protocol was published by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) in 1998. The IETF specification for IPv6 is RFC 2460. IPv6 was intended to replace the widely used Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) that is considered the backbone of the modern Internet. IPv6 is often referred to as the "next generation Internet" because of it's expanded capabilities and it's growth through recent large scale deployments. In 2004, Japan and Korea were acknowledged as having the first public deployments of IPv6.
The explosive growth in mobile devices including mobile phones, notebook computers, and wireless handheld devices has created a need for additional blocks of IP addresses. IPv4 currently supports a maximum of approximately 4.3 billion unique IP addresses. IPv6 supports a theoretical maximum of 2128 addresses (340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 to be exact!). Recent advancements in network technology including Network Address Translation (NAT) have temporarily lessened the urgency for new IP addresses, however, recent estimates indicate that IPv4 addresses could be exhausted as soon as 2012.
IPv6 and IPv4 share a similar architecture. The majority of transport layer protocols that function with IPv4 will also function with the IPv6 protocol. Most application layer protocols are expected to be interoperable with IPv6 as well, with the notable exception of File Transfer Protocol (FTP). FTP uses embedded network layer addresses to facilitate data transmission. An IPv6 address consists of eight groups of four hexadecimal digits. If a group consists of four zeros, the notation can be shortened using a colon to replace the zeros.
A main advantage of IPv6 is increased address space. The 128-bit length of IPv6 addresses is a significant gain over the 32-bit length of IPv4 addresses, allowing for an almost limitless number of unique IP addresses. The size of the IPv6 address space makes it less vulnerable to malicious activities such as IP scanning. IPv6 packets can support a larger payload than IPv4 packets resulting in increased throughput and transport efficiency.
A key enhancement over IPv4 is native support for mobile devices. IPv6 supports the Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) protocol which enables mobile devices to switch between networks and receive a roaming notification regardless of physical location. MIPv6 is a hallmark of the protocol and was specified as a firm requirement during the design of IPv6. The IETF has separate specifications for MIPv6 that detail data structure, messaging, and security requirements.
Auto-configuration is another IPv6 enhancement that is considered a great benefit to network administrators. IPv6 devices can independently auto-configure themselves when connected with other IPv6 devices. Configuration tasks that can be carried out automatically include IP address assignment and device numbering. An IPv6 router has the ability to determine its own IPv6 address using data link layer addressing parameters. The IETF has issued RFC 2462 to set guidelines for IPv6 auto-configuration.
The IPv6 protocol improves upon IPv4 with increased authentication and privacy measures. IPSec security is embedded into the IPv6 specification to manage encryption and authentication between hosts. This built in security framework enables secure data traffic between hosts that is independent of any applications on either host. In this way, IPv6 provides an efficient end to end security framework for data transfer at the host or the network level.
The deployment of IPv6 networks is growing worldwide. Full replacement of IPv4 is expected to take some time, as it remains the most widely used Internet Protocol. The United States, China, and India are leading recent deployments of the IPv6 protocol and have large investments in IPv6 network infrastructure. The United States government has mandated that federal agencies must complete the transition to an IPv6 infrastructure no later than 2008. Software companies are also releasing operating systems that support the IPv6 standard. In 1997, IBM became the first commercial vendor to support IPv6 through its AIX 4.3 operating system. The latest version of Microsoft's Windows operating system, Windows Vista, has full IPv6 support enabled by default.
Article #2
Global Internet Protocol Version 6 Market: Evolution from IPv4 to IPv6 Will Boost the Global Market
Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Market - Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends and Forecast 2014 - 2020
This press release was orginally distributed by SBWire
Albany, NY -- (SBWIRE) -- 02/15/2016 -- The Internet has emerged as an indispensable commodity in modern society. The internet available to us at present is completely based on the premise of Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4), which laid the foundation of addressing and routing. However, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority made an announcement in February 2011 about the available IPv4 no longer being active. IPv4 addresses, therefore, will no longer be compatible and will not support the future developments, subsequently intensifying the competitiveness and growth in the IPv6 market. This was followed by trends such as mobility, remote monitoring, smart devices, and smart transport.
Transparency Market Research's (TMR) new report, "Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Market - Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends and Forecast 2014 – 2020", studies the developments and trends impacting the global Internet Protocol version 6 market in detail. The report presents a comprehensive overview of the market covering aspects such as the market's definition, segmentation, regional markets, and growth drivers and restraints impacting its growth trajectory between 2014 and 2020.
Despite IPv4 presently carrying over 90% of internet addresses globally, IPv6 is meant to replace it faster than internet users could expect. For starters, IPv6 offers a humongous addressing space, apart from which it also provides multiple technical benefits such as improved security features, easily manageable networks, end-to-end connective integrity, interoperability and integrated mobility, and unlimited addresses. The IPv6 enables hierarchical address allocations to facilitate network and route aggregation across the internet network. It also provides a platform for collaboration, innovation, and additional optimization for delivery of services.
The evolution from IPv4 to IPv6 is a crucial transition in the history of the internet. As the age of the IPv4 addresses comes to an end, it will impact the innovation of the novel internet protocol because it is the most essential parameter for any technology connecting through the internet. Failure in enabling smooth transition from IPv4 to IPv6 may adversely affect consumers' access to e-Government, broadband internet, internet-enabled mobile applications, intelligent highway systems, sensor technologies, distribution of renewable energy, automated monitoring of natural resources, welfare applications, and internet support for advanced employment and immigration.
However, aspects such as inadequate support from dominant software and router vendors and complexity involved with the transition from IPv4 to IPv6 will act as barriers to IPv6 adoption.
The TMR report studies the growth prospects exhibited by the global Internet Protocol version 6 market across the key market segments. To study the prevailing competitive landscape of the market and its expected dynamics in the near future, the report also profiles some of the leading companies operating in the market.
About Transparency Market Research (TMR)
Transparency Market Research (TMR) is a global market intelligence company providing business information reports and services. The company's exclusive blend of quantitative forecasting and trend analysis provides forward-looking insight for thousands of decision makers. TMR's experienced team of analysts, researchers, and consultants use proprietary data sources and various tools and techniques to gather and analyze information.
TMR's data repository is continuously updated and revised by a team of research experts so that it always reflects the latest trends and information. With extensive research and analysis capabilities, Transparency Market Research employs rigorous primary and secondary research techniques to develop distinctive data sets and research material for business reports.
Article #3:
Creating a Communications Framework - It’s a piece of cake, right?
The primary focus of interoperability is a communication framework - a framework that isolates the user from having to worry about compatibility. The trouble here is the whole process of device communication. How do you create standardization across all devices?
The best way to think of this communication is to picture IoT communication as a cake with many layers. Wi-Fi at the bottom, the core operating system as the next layer, middleware following and framework that isolates the user at the very top, like the icing.
All of the layers represent network technologies that need to work together in order to create consistency across the entire cake. Each layer is uniquely important, but you need all ingredients to work together for a complete cake. The proper framework of IoT is absolutely key for communication to occur between small devices.
Unifying Tools and Software
Tools and software also require homogeneity. There needs to be a uniform code appealing to each unique user and demand. Writing this code can become very complex, which is why there needs to be one language spoken across all devices to simplify platforms.
For example, a uniform code would create a bridge between platforms like Microsoft Office and iTunes. However, it is difficult to develop from one platform structure to another because unfortunately, coding knowledge doesn’t transfer easily. To help create this continuity, an abstraction layer needs to come into play.
An abstraction layer allows for a common theme among different devices so they are able to connect. The proper tools and software need an abstraction layer to mask differences in devices, which allows for one uniform code to work across all varieties.
Standardizing networking technology
Due to the significant increase of small IoT devices, the problem is that all of these new devices are speaking different languages when trying to connect with the home network. Currently, the majority of home devices are powered by Wi-Fi or a lower power version of Bluetooth (BLE).
The devices, made by many different manufacturers, connect to the network through either gateway, but are having trouble speaking to each other. For this reason, there needs to be one agreed upon standard across all networking technology. Simplifying the options will allow for the discovery of more devices in range, which begins with the standardization of Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.
Standardization plays a big role when it comes to wireless communication and controlling systems. We need to discover what operating system will dominate in the future.
Making room for growth: IPv6
Every Internet-connected device requires its own unique IP address in order to connect to the global network. As more devices are developed, we need more signatures and available IP addresses. How many more? According to Google, we need about 340 trillion trillion trillion. Every device on the market currently runs on IPv4, which only has room for a specific number of allocated addresses and is close to running out.
There is good news though. A solution is on the rise built to handle the increasing number of devices. IPv6 is a new version of the Internet Protocol designed to overcome the limitations of IPv4 and will allow endless signatures. According to Gartner, the main benefits of this new IP is the vastly increased address space, integrated security and quality-of-service mechanism, auto configuration, and mobility.
The new IP address will allow each device to be unique with its own identifier. The Thread Group, backed by Google, is an IP-based wireless networking protocol natively carrying IPv6. It uses IPv6 to unify IoT and push for a more common standard across all devices. IPv6 is crucial, from a networking structure, in order to handle numerous new devices connecting to the Internet. Thanks to IPv6, the Internet will not be running out of room anytime soon.
Needless to say, the future of IoT is bright and exciting. Billions of new devices have the potential to shape the way we work and live, while promoting breakthroughs in productivity, healthcare and finance. Through the integration of IoT, consumers’ homes and lives will also be greatly impacted, for the better.
IoT innovation can prevent disasters in homes. For example, a dripping water heater has the potential to flood a home, but could be prevented by connected devices. To turn these possibilities into reality, it is imperative that the developer community works to address the challenges of IoT interconnectivity to make way for a better, connected future.
Ver pri flow label
Source address
Destination address
Payload address , extension headers + data packet from the upper layer
IPv6 packet format
The following list describes the function of each header field.
· Version – 4-bit version number of Internet Protocol = 6.
· Traffic class – 8-bit traffic class field.
· Flow label – 20-bit field.
· Payload length – 16-bit unsigned integer, which is the rest of the packet that follows the IPv6 header, in octets.
· Next header – 8-bit selector. Identifies the type of header that immediately follows the IPv6 header. Uses the same values as the IPv4 protocol field.
· Hop limit – 8-bit unsigned integer. Decremented by one by each node that forwards the packet. The packet is discarded if the hop limit is decremented to zero.
· Source address – 128 bits. The address of the initial sender of the packet.
· Destination address – 128 bits. The address of the intended recipient of the packet. The intended recipient is not necessarily the recipient if an optional routing header is present.
IPv6 Extension header
The following IPv6 extension headers are currently defined:
· Routing – Extended routing, such as IPv4 loose source route
· Fragmentation – Fragmentation and reassembly
· Authentication – Integrity and authentication, and security
· Encapsulating Security Payload – Confidentiality
· Hop-by-Hop options – Special options that require hop-by-hop processing
· Destination options – Optional information to be examined by the destination node
ICMPv6
Another protocol that has modified in verion 6 of the internet is ICMP.
Comparison of network layers in version 4 and version 6
Network layer in version 4 network layer in version 6
Configuration routing with IPv6
Router# show ipv6 rip
RIP process "RIPPROC1", port 521, multicast-group FF02::9,
pid 187
Administrative distance is 120. Maximum paths is 16
Updates every 30 seconds, expire after 180
Holddown lasts 0 seconds, garbage collect after 120
Split horizon is on; poison reverse is off
Default routes are not generated
Periodic updates 2, trigger updates 0
Interfaces:
FastEthernet0/0
Redistribution:
None
Article:#1
What is IPv6?
Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) is a network layer protocol that enables data communications over a packet switched network. Packet switching involves the sending and receiving of data in packets between two nodes in a network. The working standard for the IPv6 protocol was published by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) in 1998. The IETF specification for IPv6 is RFC 2460. IPv6 was intended to replace the widely used Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) that is considered the backbone of the modern Internet. IPv6 is often referred to as the "next generation Internet" because of it's expanded capabilities and it's growth through recent large scale deployments. In 2004, Japan and Korea were acknowledged as having the first public deployments of IPv6.
The explosive growth in mobile devices including mobile phones, notebook computers, and wireless handheld devices has created a need for additional blocks of IP addresses. IPv4 currently supports a maximum of approximately 4.3 billion unique IP addresses. IPv6 supports a theoretical maximum of 2128 addresses (340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 to be exact!). Recent advancements in network technology including Network Address Translation (NAT) have temporarily lessened the urgency for new IP addresses, however, recent estimates indicate that IPv4 addresses could be exhausted as soon as 2012.
IPv6 and IPv4 share a similar architecture. The majority of transport layer protocols that function with IPv4 will also function with the IPv6 protocol. Most application layer protocols are expected to be interoperable with IPv6 as well, with the notable exception of File Transfer Protocol (FTP). FTP uses embedded network layer addresses to facilitate data transmission. An IPv6 address consists of eight groups of four hexadecimal digits. If a group consists of four zeros, the notation can be shortened using a colon to replace the zeros.
A main advantage of IPv6 is increased address space. The 128-bit length of IPv6 addresses is a significant gain over the 32-bit length of IPv4 addresses, allowing for an almost limitless number of unique IP addresses. The size of the IPv6 address space makes it less vulnerable to malicious activities such as IP scanning. IPv6 packets can support a larger payload than IPv4 packets resulting in increased throughput and transport efficiency.
A key enhancement over IPv4 is native support for mobile devices. IPv6 supports the Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) protocol which enables mobile devices to switch between networks and receive a roaming notification regardless of physical location. MIPv6 is a hallmark of the protocol and was specified as a firm requirement during the design of IPv6. The IETF has separate specifications for MIPv6 that detail data structure, messaging, and security requirements.
Auto-configuration is another IPv6 enhancement that is considered a great benefit to network administrators. IPv6 devices can independently auto-configure themselves when connected with other IPv6 devices. Configuration tasks that can be carried out automatically include IP address assignment and device numbering. An IPv6 router has the ability to determine its own IPv6 address using data link layer addressing parameters. The IETF has issued RFC 2462 to set guidelines for IPv6 auto-configuration.
The IPv6 protocol improves upon IPv4 with increased authentication and privacy measures. IPSec security is embedded into the IPv6 specification to manage encryption and authentication between hosts. This built in security framework enables secure data traffic between hosts that is independent of any applications on either host. In this way, IPv6 provides an efficient end to end security framework for data transfer at the host or the network level.
The deployment of IPv6 networks is growing worldwide. Full replacement of IPv4 is expected to take some time, as it remains the most widely used Internet Protocol. The United States, China, and India are leading recent deployments of the IPv6 protocol and have large investments in IPv6 network infrastructure. The United States government has mandated that federal agencies must complete the transition to an IPv6 infrastructure no later than 2008. Software companies are also releasing operating systems that support the IPv6 standard. In 1997, IBM became the first commercial vendor to support IPv6 through its AIX 4.3 operating system. The latest version of Microsoft's Windows operating system, Windows Vista, has full IPv6 support enabled by default.
Article #2
Global Internet Protocol Version 6 Market: Evolution from IPv4 to IPv6 Will Boost the Global Market
Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Market - Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends and Forecast 2014 - 2020
This press release was orginally distributed by SBWire
Albany, NY -- (SBWIRE) -- 02/15/2016 -- The Internet has emerged as an indispensable commodity in modern society. The internet available to us at present is completely based on the premise of Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4), which laid the foundation of addressing and routing. However, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority made an announcement in February 2011 about the available IPv4 no longer being active. IPv4 addresses, therefore, will no longer be compatible and will not support the future developments, subsequently intensifying the competitiveness and growth in the IPv6 market. This was followed by trends such as mobility, remote monitoring, smart devices, and smart transport.
Transparency Market Research's (TMR) new report, "Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Market - Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends and Forecast 2014 – 2020", studies the developments and trends impacting the global Internet Protocol version 6 market in detail. The report presents a comprehensive overview of the market covering aspects such as the market's definition, segmentation, regional markets, and growth drivers and restraints impacting its growth trajectory between 2014 and 2020.
Despite IPv4 presently carrying over 90% of internet addresses globally, IPv6 is meant to replace it faster than internet users could expect. For starters, IPv6 offers a humongous addressing space, apart from which it also provides multiple technical benefits such as improved security features, easily manageable networks, end-to-end connective integrity, interoperability and integrated mobility, and unlimited addresses. The IPv6 enables hierarchical address allocations to facilitate network and route aggregation across the internet network. It also provides a platform for collaboration, innovation, and additional optimization for delivery of services.
The evolution from IPv4 to IPv6 is a crucial transition in the history of the internet. As the age of the IPv4 addresses comes to an end, it will impact the innovation of the novel internet protocol because it is the most essential parameter for any technology connecting through the internet. Failure in enabling smooth transition from IPv4 to IPv6 may adversely affect consumers' access to e-Government, broadband internet, internet-enabled mobile applications, intelligent highway systems, sensor technologies, distribution of renewable energy, automated monitoring of natural resources, welfare applications, and internet support for advanced employment and immigration.
However, aspects such as inadequate support from dominant software and router vendors and complexity involved with the transition from IPv4 to IPv6 will act as barriers to IPv6 adoption.
The TMR report studies the growth prospects exhibited by the global Internet Protocol version 6 market across the key market segments. To study the prevailing competitive landscape of the market and its expected dynamics in the near future, the report also profiles some of the leading companies operating in the market.
About Transparency Market Research (TMR)
Transparency Market Research (TMR) is a global market intelligence company providing business information reports and services. The company's exclusive blend of quantitative forecasting and trend analysis provides forward-looking insight for thousands of decision makers. TMR's experienced team of analysts, researchers, and consultants use proprietary data sources and various tools and techniques to gather and analyze information.
TMR's data repository is continuously updated and revised by a team of research experts so that it always reflects the latest trends and information. With extensive research and analysis capabilities, Transparency Market Research employs rigorous primary and secondary research techniques to develop distinctive data sets and research material for business reports.
Article #3:
Creating a Communications Framework - It’s a piece of cake, right?
The primary focus of interoperability is a communication framework - a framework that isolates the user from having to worry about compatibility. The trouble here is the whole process of device communication. How do you create standardization across all devices?
The best way to think of this communication is to picture IoT communication as a cake with many layers. Wi-Fi at the bottom, the core operating system as the next layer, middleware following and framework that isolates the user at the very top, like the icing.
All of the layers represent network technologies that need to work together in order to create consistency across the entire cake. Each layer is uniquely important, but you need all ingredients to work together for a complete cake. The proper framework of IoT is absolutely key for communication to occur between small devices.
Unifying Tools and Software
Tools and software also require homogeneity. There needs to be a uniform code appealing to each unique user and demand. Writing this code can become very complex, which is why there needs to be one language spoken across all devices to simplify platforms.
For example, a uniform code would create a bridge between platforms like Microsoft Office and iTunes. However, it is difficult to develop from one platform structure to another because unfortunately, coding knowledge doesn’t transfer easily. To help create this continuity, an abstraction layer needs to come into play.
An abstraction layer allows for a common theme among different devices so they are able to connect. The proper tools and software need an abstraction layer to mask differences in devices, which allows for one uniform code to work across all varieties.
Standardizing networking technology
Due to the significant increase of small IoT devices, the problem is that all of these new devices are speaking different languages when trying to connect with the home network. Currently, the majority of home devices are powered by Wi-Fi or a lower power version of Bluetooth (BLE).
The devices, made by many different manufacturers, connect to the network through either gateway, but are having trouble speaking to each other. For this reason, there needs to be one agreed upon standard across all networking technology. Simplifying the options will allow for the discovery of more devices in range, which begins with the standardization of Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.
Standardization plays a big role when it comes to wireless communication and controlling systems. We need to discover what operating system will dominate in the future.
Making room for growth: IPv6
Every Internet-connected device requires its own unique IP address in order to connect to the global network. As more devices are developed, we need more signatures and available IP addresses. How many more? According to Google, we need about 340 trillion trillion trillion. Every device on the market currently runs on IPv4, which only has room for a specific number of allocated addresses and is close to running out.
There is good news though. A solution is on the rise built to handle the increasing number of devices. IPv6 is a new version of the Internet Protocol designed to overcome the limitations of IPv4 and will allow endless signatures. According to Gartner, the main benefits of this new IP is the vastly increased address space, integrated security and quality-of-service mechanism, auto configuration, and mobility.
The new IP address will allow each device to be unique with its own identifier. The Thread Group, backed by Google, is an IP-based wireless networking protocol natively carrying IPv6. It uses IPv6 to unify IoT and push for a more common standard across all devices. IPv6 is crucial, from a networking structure, in order to handle numerous new devices connecting to the Internet. Thanks to IPv6, the Internet will not be running out of room anytime soon.
Needless to say, the future of IoT is bright and exciting. Billions of new devices have the potential to shape the way we work and live, while promoting breakthroughs in productivity, healthcare and finance. Through the integration of IoT, consumers’ homes and lives will also be greatly impacted, for the better.
IoT innovation can prevent disasters in homes. For example, a dripping water heater has the potential to flood a home, but could be prevented by connected devices. To turn these possibilities into reality, it is imperative that the developer community works to address the challenges of IoT interconnectivity to make way for a better, connected future.
Ver pri flow label
Source address
Destination address
Payload address , extension headers + data packet from the upper layer
IPv6 packet format
The following list describes the function of each header field.
· Version – 4-bit version number of Internet Protocol = 6.
· Traffic class – 8-bit traffic class field.
· Flow label – 20-bit field.
· Payload length – 16-bit unsigned integer, which is the rest of the packet that follows the IPv6 header, in octets.
· Next header – 8-bit selector. Identifies the type of header that immediately follows the IPv6 header. Uses the same values as the IPv4 protocol field.
· Hop limit – 8-bit unsigned integer. Decremented by one by each node that forwards the packet. The packet is discarded if the hop limit is decremented to zero.
· Source address – 128 bits. The address of the initial sender of the packet.
· Destination address – 128 bits. The address of the intended recipient of the packet. The intended recipient is not necessarily the recipient if an optional routing header is present.
IPv6 Extension header
The following IPv6 extension headers are currently defined:
· Routing – Extended routing, such as IPv4 loose source route
· Fragmentation – Fragmentation and reassembly
· Authentication – Integrity and authentication, and security
· Encapsulating Security Payload – Confidentiality
· Hop-by-Hop options – Special options that require hop-by-hop processing
· Destination options – Optional information to be examined by the destination node
ICMPv6
Another protocol that has modified in verion 6 of the internet is ICMP.
Comparison of network layers in version 4 and version 6
Network layer in version 4 network layer in version 6
Configuration routing with IPv6
Router# show ipv6 rip
RIP process "RIPPROC1", port 521, multicast-group FF02::9,
pid 187
Administrative distance is 120. Maximum paths is 16
Updates every 30 seconds, expire after 180
Holddown lasts 0 seconds, garbage collect after 120
Split horizon is on; poison reverse is off
Default routes are not generated
Periodic updates 2, trigger updates 0
Interfaces:
FastEthernet0/0
Redistribution:
None
Ver pri flow label
Source address
Destination address
Payload address , extension headers + data packet from the upper layer
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