Answer each of the following questions in 1 paragraph or more. 1. A problem ever

Question

Answer each of the following questions in 1 paragraph or more.

1. A problem every decision maker faces is focusing energy and resources thinking about what should be done rather than what we might want to do. Explain why we must focus all resources along with energy while finding the right resolution. Discuss what you would do in a situation where there are no resources available to you to make a good decision.

2. Researchers have suggested that decision-makers alter the way they perceive a problem when considering an immediate decision in contrast to a decision in the future. Determine if this applies to you when making any decisions. Explain why or why not. Do you believe the statement is still true? Determine if that is the case or that is has changed. Support your conclusion.

3. If we recognize that we are susceptible to undue impulsive influence when making immediate decisions, what can we do to ensure that our decisions are less emotional and more rational? Support your theory.

4. If our decision-making attention is leading us in a particular direction, we should be aware of the reasons behind our impulse. How can you change the direction and be rational in your decision-making. Explain why an impulse can have negative effects on the decision you make.

5. The possibility of giving in to compulsion must be acknowledged and understood, not only because our impulses can hijack our rational intentions, but also because our feelings have likely found something our thoughtful planning side has either overlooked or analyzed incorrectly. Compare and Contrast the effects of the though process presented in this question. Explain how you will use this in your future decision making for personal and professional decisions.

6. Give an example where you have used a characteristic's described in either Chapters 1, 2 or 3 and the outcome of that decision. Did the lesson help you or hurt you? Explain how you will use these characteristic's moving forward.

Explanation / Answer

Imagine that you and a stranger are participating in a psychology study. The experimenter gives the stranger $20. “Divide this money between you and your partner,” the experimenter tells the stranger. “You can keep any amount for yourself, and give any amount to your partner. But your partner gets to decide whether or not to accept the deal. If your partner refuses the offer, nobody gets any money, and the game is over.”

This is the set-up of the Ultimatum Game, a classic test of decision-making. Imagine that the stranger suggests that he keep $12, and offers you $8. Would you accept? What if the split were $15/$5? Or $19/$1?

Rationally, any offer is better than no offer, so people should be motivated to accept any deal. But in reality, most people are offended by obviously unfair splits. If they deem the offer too stingy, they will reject the offer to punish their partner for being selfish. It may not make sense economically, but it sure feels good.

Neuroscientists have even observed what happens in the brain during the ultimatum task. When people receive unfair offers, the brain reacts to it like a punch in the gut. The brain systems that register physical pain, disgust, and anger become activated. The stronger this brain response, the more likely a person is to reject an offer. Economists consider this a perfect example of how emotions interfere with rational economic self-interest. We prefer the feeling of vengeance over the financial reward.

A 2011 study has found that one group of people respond much more rationally in the Ultimatum Task than the typical human. This group accepts unfair offers ($5 or less) more than 50 per cent of the time, compared with the more typical norm of 25 per cent. This group doesn’t let the sting of unfairness drive them to make a financially foolish decision. As a group, they end up making much more money overall because they don’t let their anger dictate their actions.

Who are these cool, calculating decision-makers? Not stock brokers, not investment bankers, not accountants —but meditators.

According to a report in the journal Frontiers in Neuroscience, people who regularly meditate (experience of 6 months or more) react very differently to the Ultimatum Task than non-meditators. More specifically, their brains process unfair offers differently. Meditators show less activation in regions associated with pain, disgust, and anger. This is one reason they are more likely to accept less-than-ideal payoffs.

But the researchers also compared the brains responses of meditators with a subset of highly rational non-meditators (people who also accepted a high percentage of unfair offers). Rational non-meditators showed increased activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, a region of the brain associated with self-control. It’s as if their brains were fighting to control their emotions, so they could make economically self-interested choices.

In contrast, meditators’ brains showed increased activation in regions associated with theory of mind, empathy, and compassion. It was as if they were trying to understand the mindset of the person making the unfair offer.

Both these response styles led to rational decisions and making more money, but they reflect very different approaches to the task. The non-meditators were cooling down their anger so they could narrow in on economic self-interest; the meditators’ were broadening their perspective and maximizing the gain for both themselves and the person making the offer.

I love this study for two reasons. It demonstrates one more way that meditation can help us make good decisions. But it also shows that there is more than one way to maximize one’s own rewards in life. Both rational non-meditators and meditators made a lot more money than the typical, anger-driven participant. But while the non-meditators were actively squelching their anger and exerting willpower, the meditators were able to view the decision from the big picture, and choose the most beneficial solution for everyone involved.

If you want to practice a meditation that might help you make wise choices, try this 15-minute breath focus meditation I recorded for my Science of Meditation students.

* Important note about study design: In this study, participants received 30 different offers from 30 different strangers. Importantly, they were told that each offer had been made in advance, and once the participants made their decisions, they would never receive another offer from that stranger. Without this set-up, participants might reasonably reject an unfair offer in the hopes of “teaching” their partner that they need to make a more generous offer. In this study, the only effect that rejecting an offer would have is punishing the person who made it.

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