5. a) The Tor (The Onion Router) browser was described as a particular implement

Question

5.

a) The Tor (The Onion Router) browser was described as a particular implementation of onion routing. Explain why the onion router prevents any intermediate node from nkkowing the true source and destination of a communication.

b) Onion routing depends on intermediate nodes. is it adequate for there to be only one intermidate node? justify your answer.

c) Suppose an intermediate node for onion routing were malicious, exposing the source and destination of the coummunications it forwarded. clearly this disclosure would damage the confidentiality union routing was designed to achieve. if the malicious node were one of the two in the middle, what would be exposed? if it were one of three, what would be lost? explain your answer in terms of the malicious node in each of the first, second, and third positions. how many non-malicious nodes are necessary to preserve privacy?

Explanation / Answer

a)Answer:

Intermediate nodes do not know the source/destination of the communication to preserve anonymity.If traffic from
an intermediate node is read, no information about who is communicating with whom is obtained.

b)Answer:

One intermediate node is insufficient—the intermediate node knows both the communication's original source and final destination,whichi mplies fully trusting the single intermediatenode.This trust is counter to the purpose of onionrouting

c)Answer:

In order to preserve anonymity, a nonmalicious intermediate node is needed on each side of the malicious intermediate node(e.g.,if A communicates with B along the path A-­?>X-­?>Y-­?>Z-­?>B, X and Z must not be malicious).If a malicious node is on the end of the intermediate chain (either X or Z,in the previous example),then the anonymity of either the sender or recipient of the communication is compromised.Consequently,if a single intermediate node in a two----node system is malicious,either the sender's or recipient's anonymity is lost.

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