Problem 1 – Packet vs. Circuit-Switched Communications: (a) Which type of commun
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Question
Problem 1 – Packet vs. Circuit-Switched Communications:
(a) Which type of communication is preferable in wireless network operation and describe its service guarantee expectation? Explain your answer in detail.
(b) Give two examples of applications for which circuit switching and packet switching would be more suitable respectively.
Problem 2- IP Fragmentation
Consider sending 3000-byte datagram into a link that has an MTU of 500 bytes.
a) How many fragments are generated?
b) What are their characteristics (i.e. what are the flags and offset values for each (Assume that the DF flag was not set : )
Solution: Assume that no optional fields of the IP header are in use (i.e. IP header is 20 bytes)
c) Explain how traceroute works. Include a traceroute to a host at least 30 hops away.
Problem3 : CIDR -A router has the following (CIDR) entries in its routing table:
Address/mask Next hop
135.46.56.0/22 Interface 0
135.46.60.0/22 Interface 1
192.53.40.0/23 Router 1
default Router 2
For each of the following IP address, what does the router do if packets with the following addresses arrives?
(a) 135.46.63.10
(b) 135.46.57.14
(c) 135.46.52.2
(d) 192.53.40.7
(e) 192.53.56.7
Problem 4- NAT
What problem is tackled by Network Address Translation (NAT)? Please briefly describe what NAT does.
Problem5- IP addresses
How does a host get an IP address? How does a network get the subnet part of an IP address? How does a provider get a block of IP addresses? What is the principle behind these procedures?
Explanation / Answer
Problem 1 – Packet vs. Circuit-Switched Communications:
Answer)
Packet switching communication is the approach where the network are using Internet packets to move data. Internet packet or IP packets are small blocks of data which get passed through the internet from the source to the destination. So in packet switched network the packets are sent from the source to the destination in the sender's own time and are received easily by the receiver.
The packets for a message when received by the receiver are assembled in a single message on the receiver's end. Packet switching is lot efficient and uses the bandwidth as and when required to send the data on the network and does not waster bandwidth if it does not have to send any data. Circuit-Switched networks are those who establish a dedicated communications channel via circuit before the sender and receiver might communicate. Thus the circuit remains connected for the whole time whether or not any data passes through it. This guarantees the full bandwidth of the channel.
Circuit-Switched networks are a old concept whereas Packet-Switched are new concept. Packet-Switched type of network communication is preferable in wireless network operation as it is using the data transfers through the network. The usage of Packet-Switching is far more efficient than Circuit-Switching as for the above reasons mentioned. In Packet-Switched quality of service is to be ensured whenever we loose a packet in the way of transmission. Thus, we have to retransmit the packet so that the receiver receives it.
Example of applications for Circuit-Switched networks are:
Public Switched Telephone Network - Where the sender and receiver communicate via a circuit switched telephone line to communicate to each other.
Circuit Switched Data (CSD) in cellular services such as GSM for data transmission to GSM network switching subsystem.
Example of applications for Packet-Switched networks are:
Internet communications use packet switching to transfer data from the sender to the receiver.
Voice calls using the Internet's packet-switched system as called as Voice of IP and is used to transfer voice data over the Internet packets.
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