Please answer all questions in the picture. thanks! 0IICes puide leasllable arai

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Please answer all questions in the picture. thanks!

0IICes puide leasllable araitees of rellability and scalability, but also raise concerns about privacy and security in a world where we may no longer know who owns and operates the computers that we use. Questions & Exerc 1. What is an open network? 2. Summarize the distinction between a bridge and a switch. 3. What is a router? 4. Identify some relationships in society that conform to the client/server model 5. Identify some protocols used in society 6. Summarize the distinction between cluster computing and grid computing. 2 The Internet nat (note the unnercase I.

Explanation / Answer

1)--------

An open network refers to a horizontally layered network architecture in telecommunications, and the business model that separates the physical access to the network from the delivery of services. In an ON, the owner or manager of the network does not supply services for the network; these services must be supplied by separate retail service providers. There are two different open-access network models: the two- and three-layer models.

"Open Access" refers to a specialised and focused business model, in which a network infrastructure provider limits its activities to a fixed set of value layers in order to avoid conflicts of interest. The network infrastructure provider creates an open market and a platform for internet service providers (ISPs) to add value. The Open Access provider remains neutral and independent and offers standard and transparent pricing to ISPs on its network. It never competes with the ISPs.An open network allows a variety of entities to provide service on a reasonably equal basis versus each other and the network operator.

2)-------A bridge connects smaller network segments to form a large network, and it also relays frame from one LAN to another LAN. On the other hand, the switchconnects more network segments as compared to the bridges. This is a basic difference between bridge and switch.

Switches perform error checking.

3)-------A router, like a switch forwards packets based on address. Usually, routers use the IP address to forward packets, which allows the network to go across different protocols. Routers forward packets based on software while a switch (Layer 3 for example) forwards using hardware called ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuits). Routers support different WAN technologies but switches do not.

Besides, wireless routers have access point built in. The most common home use for routers is to share a broadband internet connection. As the router has a public IP address which is shared with the network, when data comes through the router, it is forwarded to the correct computer.

4)------

When a bank customer accesses online banking services with a web browser (the client), the client initiates a request to the bank's web server. The customer's login credentials may be stored in a database, and the web server accesses the database server as a client. An application server interprets the returned data by applying the bank's business logic, and provides the output to the web server. Finally, the web server returns the result to the client web browser for display. In each step of this sequence of client–server message exchanges, a computer processes a request and returns data. This is the request-response messaging pattern. When all the requests are met, the sequence is complete and the web browser presents the data to the customer.

E-Commerce, E-Business, E-Government are the example.

5)------------

6)------------

CHARACTERISTIC

CLUSTER

GRID

Population

Commodity Computers

Commodity and High-end computers

Ownership

Single

Multiple

Discovery

Membership Services

Centralized Index and Decentralized Info

User Management

Centralized

Decentralized

Resource management

Centralized

Distributed

Allocation/ Scheduling

Centralized

Decentralized

Inter-Operability

VIA and Proprietary

No standards being developed

Single System Image

Yes

No

Scalability

100s

1000?

Capacity

Guaranteed

Varies, but high

Throughput

Medium

High

Speed(Lat. Bandwidth)

Low, high

High, Low

BASIS FOR COMPARISON BRIDGE SWITCH Basic A bridge can connect fewer LAN. A switch can connect more networks compared to the bridge. Buffer Bridges do not have buffers. Switch has a buffer for each link connected to it. Types Simple bridge, multiport bridge and transparent bridge. Store-and-forward switch and cut-through switch. Error Bridges do not perform error checking.

Switches perform error checking.

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