4. Under some conditions, it makes more sense to send enough information to corr

Question

4. Under some conditions, it makes more sense to send enough information to correct data on receipt (such as using a Copyrighted Hamming code). In others, it makes more sense to discover the error and throw the data away. These conditions would not be just the link type, however, or just the application; they would be a combination of the two. What link characteristics combined with what kinds of application characteristics, would suggest the use of FEC? Which ones would suggest the use of error detection combined with retransmitting the data?It might be best to think of specific applications and specific link types first, and then generalize from there 5. How many bit flip changes can a parity check detect? 6. Implicit and explicit signaling have different characteristics, or rather different tradeoffs. Describe at least one positive and one negative aspect of each form of signaling for error detection and/or correction 7. In a large-scale deployment of anycast, it is possible for packets from a single stream to be delivered to multiple receivers. There are two broad solutions to this problem; the first is for receivers to force the sender to reset their state if a packet appears to be misdelivered in this way. Another is to constrict the interface between the sender and receiver in a way that allows state to be contained to a single transaction. One form of this latter solution is called atomic transactions, and is often implemented in RESTful interfaces. Consider these two possible solutions, and describe the kinds of applications, giving specific examples of applications, that might be better suited for each of these two solutions

Explanation / Answer

What is BER?
BER (Bit Error Rate) in digital communication is defined as (Number of bit errors / Number of total bits transferred ) during a certain time interval.

During the transmission, a number of bits in the communication channel has been altered due to noise, interference, distortion etc. Thus, While designing a communication system or error control code it was focused that BER must be minimized.

BER provides a measurable and useful indication of the performance of the system that can be directly related to its operational capabilities.

In order to obtain a reasonable, accurate and sufficiently low BER in the transmission of the data stream, amount of information sent to detect or repair error must be large enough.

What is FEC?
FEC (Forward Error Correction) is a technique to improve data reliability by adding redundant data before transmission of the data stream. It helps the receiver to identify the error bits by himself and prevent the requirement of the retransmission of the data.

The use of FEC is quite common. The case where link involved have distances of thousands of kilometers and capacity must be maximized because of the high cost of installation. Technology advancements are ultimately judged by the improvements in their equipment performance. FEC increases system OSNR, ultimately improving the distance-capacity performance of links.

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