Storage Area Networks (SAN) is relatively a new technology in the field of data

Question

Storage Area Networks (SAN) is relatively a new technology in the field of data communications and computer networks. SANs a new way of creating data centers as compared to the traditional method of SCSI disk arrays that are rather isolated data centers. Using Web and/or library resources, write a research paper about Storage Area Networks (SAN). The paper should be organized as follows: Abstract. Introduction, SAN Technologies, Applications, Conclusions, and References. The paper must contain at least a simple and easy to understand schematic diagram of a typical SAN (it should be placed under SAN Technologies). Additionally, a discussion of advantages and disadvantages of SAN should be presented in the Conclusion section of the paper The paper is limited to 5 pages (double space and font size 12. Times New Roman). The paper must be your own work and your own writing. You may quote from your references by putting the statement in double quotations with reference number

Explanation / Answer

Storage Area Networks

Abstract

A storage area network (SAN) is defined as a set of interconnected devices (for example, disks and tapes) and servers that are connected to a common communication and data transfer infrastructure such as Fibre Channel. The common communication and data transfer mechanism for a given deployment is commonly known as the storage fabric.The purpose of the SAN is to allow multiple servers access to a pool of storage in which any server can potentially access any storage unit. Clearly in this environment, management plays a large role in providing security guarantees (who is authorized to access which devices) and sequencing or serialization guarantees (who can access which devices at what point in time).SANs evolved to address the increasingly difficult job of managing storage at a time when the storage usage is growing explosively. With devices locally attached to a given server or in the server enclosure itself, performing day-to-day management tasks becomes extremely complex; backing up the data in the datacenter requires complex procedures as the data is distributed amongst the nodes and is accessible only through the server it is attached to.As a given server outgrows its current storage pool, storage specific to that server has to be acquired and attached, even if there are other servers with plenty of storage space available. Other benefits can be gained such as multiple servers can share data (sequentially or in some cases in parallel), backing up devices can be done by transferring data directly from device to device without first transferring it to a backup server.

So why use yet another set of interconnect technologies? A storage area network is a network like any other (for example a LAN infrastructure). A SAN is used to connect many different devices and hosts to provide access to any device from anywhere. Existing storage technologies such as SCSI are tuned to the specific requirements of connecting mass storage devices to host computers. In particular, they are low latency, high bandwidth connections with extremely high data integrity semantics.

Network technology, on the other hand, is tuned more to providing application-to-application connectivity in increasingly complex and large-scale environments. Typical network infrastructures have high connectivity, can route data across many independent network segments, potentially over very large distances (consider the internet), and have many network management and troubleshooting tools.

Introduction

A Storage Area Network (SAN) is a network designed to attach computer storage devices such as disk array controllers and tape libraries to servers. As of 2006, SANs are most commonly found in enterprise storage. A SAN allows a machine to connect to remote targets such as disks and tape drives on a network for block level I/O.

Technology & Application

Applications that require the transfer or movement of large amounts of data are prime candidates for SAN.

These applications may refer to horizontal applications (e.g., backup, archiving, data replication, disaster protection, and data warehousing) or vertical applications (e.g., online transaction processing (OLTP), enterprise resource planning (ERP) business applications, electronic commerce, broadcasting, prepress, medical, and geophysics). SAN is also well suited to making performance and high availability more scalable and more affordable in applications such as clustering and data sharing. This article discusses two major horizontal applications, backup and data sharing, and how they interact with SAN.

Backup in a SAN Environment

One of the first applications that users want when implementing SAN is to be able to back up and protect their data through the SAN. They want to offload heavy backup traffic from the LAN, free system bandwidth for production operations, and gain the speed and security advantages of centralized management that SAN offers.

Effectively protecting data on a SAN requires a number of elements. Many of them are currently in the early stages of implementation. These items include:

Centralized management: Ideally, a central console would manage all the logical and physical storage resources of an enterprise network. The console would automatically collect, correlate, and analyze capacity, configuration, use, and performance information on all storage resources. The logical resources monitored would include file systems, directories, files, and application-specific storage repositories. The physical resources tracked would include disks, RAID systems, tape libraries, optical jukeboxes, Fibre Channel components, Network Attached Storage (NAS), and SAN switches and hubs. Nearly every vendor offers some degree of centralized management. The leaders in this area are Veritas, Legato, Computer Associates (CA), and IBM.

Support for sharing removable-media libraries: Performing backups often involves backing up many different servers to locally attached tape drives. One benefit of SAN and NAS connectivity is the ability to share resources (e.g., a large tape library) among multiple backup servers. Shared resources enable administrators to consolidate backups into one tape library.

However, the support must extend beyond simple connectivity to a library and into management. Managing a library means managing access to the media stored within it and requires dynamic drive allocation among servers, so the server that needs a drive most at a given time can get it (e.g., when recovering a large database). Managing a library involves managing not just backup but any application that might need access to tape or optical storage.

In many cases, the ability to connect a library to multiple backup servers via the SAN will justify the expense of automation. In this environment, Hierarchical Storage Management (HSM) becomes economically desirable. Legato, Veritas, CA, and Seagate Software are the leaders in developing shared tape-library support.

LAN-less and server-less backup: Backup is evolving in three phases when it comes to data movement. Currently-the first phase-data moves from the disk, to the server it directly connects to, through the LAN, to another server that, in turn, transfers data to the tape. In the second phase, SAN lets you perform backup outside the LAN. Data moves from the disk to the server, which retransmits it through the SAN to a SAN-connected library. This setup is sometimes called LAN-less backup . In the third phase, the server initiates the backup command. Data moves directly from disk to tape through the SAN fabric without further involving the server or the LAN. This configuration is called server-less backup. Intelliguard, which Legato recently acquired, has led the development of server-less backup.

Heterogeneous platform support: Early SAN implementations are generally homogeneous. As SAN environments mature, they will become more heterogeneous. Effective SAN management software will need to be able to manage any vendor's server communicating with any vendor's storage, hosting any database, application, or file system, backing up to any tape drive or library, through any switch, hub, router, or bridge. EMC and Veritas are examples of vendors supporting heterogeneous platforms.

Remote vaulting and mirroring: The connectivity distances that Fibre Channel allows-10 to 20 km., depending on usage-make it easier to deploy remote sites for business comtinuance and disaster recovery purposes. Use of remote backup, remote vaulting, and remote mirroring techniques are likely to increase due to this capability. SANs can also connect to WANs to achieve additional levels of connectivity and protection. CommVault is one of the vendors offering remote vaulting capability. CNT offers a SAN-to-WAN solution in SCSI connectivity and Enterprise Systems Connectivity (ESCON), and is also developing support for remote Fibre Channel.

Realtime (or window-less) backup: The importance of window-less backup (also called hot backup) becomes obvious when it addresses the large volume of data in a SAN centralized backup library. Realtime backup essentially lets you back up a volume or file periodically and automatically without affecting normal system operations. The technique commonly used is called a snapshot, where you make a copy of the volume needing backup, and then back up the copy while accessing and modifying the original volume in normal operations. Network Integrity leads in development, and EMC and HDS have implemented solutions in currently available products.. Major providers of total backup solutions include ADIC, ATL, StorageTek, Hewlett-Packard (HP), Exabyte, and Overland.

Resource and Data Sharing

In a heterogeneous environment where platforms are by definition different, the distinction between resource sharing, data copy sharing, and true data sharing must be made.

Resource sharing: A storage subsystem attached to multiple computer platforms is divided into partitions, each partition being accessible only to its owning platform or to a certain number of homogeneous platforms. The administrator can reassign storage capacity to different platforms as needs change. One of the benefits of SAN connectivity is its ability to share resources (e.g., a large tape library) among multiple backup servers. Such sharing enables administrators to consolidate backups-from many different servers to locally attached tape drives-into one tape library.

Dynamic resource sharing: All storage is available to any connected host; hosts are allocated storage as they need it. If one host needs the storage, it can use any or all the available space. If a host deletes a file, that space is available to any other host. This dynamic storage sharing operates automatically and transparently. Dynamic resource sharing means that the systems administrator doesn't have to partition the storage before storing the data.

Data copy sharing: This process involves replication of the data. Data is the same across copies at the time of copy creation, but the copies can change independently afterward. There is no assurance that they will remain identical. Data access is usually prevented during replication so the copy accurately reflects all the data at a particular time. For large amounts of data, the time needed to copy it may be important, , and the amount of storage necessary to store the copy could be very large. SAN facilitates data-copy sharing by allowing high-bandwidth connections to transfer large volumes of data.

True data sharing. If you are sharing data without making a copy, multiple computer platforms can access the same physical instance of the recorded data on a storage subsystem. This type of sharing is called true data sharing. Different levels of performance and complexity exist in implementing true data sharing: The first level is when heterogeneous platforms can access data, but only the original data owner can modify it. The second level is when multiple heterogeneous platforms can update and rewrite a data item, but only one at a time. In this case, you must use a locking mechanism to momentarily prevent a platform from updating the data. The third level is called concurrent data sharing and exists when all platforms can either read or update the data at the same time. The advantages of true data sharing are numerous. With only one copy of data, you never need to replicate the data for use elsewhere, you simplify data maintenance, and you eliminate problems due to out of sync conditions. True Data Sharing among platforms running heterogeneous operating systems requires translating to one common operating system (see File management discussion under SAN Management Software on page XX). Examples of vendors offering implementations of true data sharing in a SAN architecture are Sequent, Mercury Computer Systems, DataDirect, Transoft, Retrieve, and Network Disk. In a NAS architecture, NetApp, EMC, Sun, IBM, and Procom offer true data sharing solutions

Conclusion

Enterprise SAN technology architectures are not for everyone. But if your applications demand continuous operations and the benefits of universal access to data, then you are encouraged to upgrade to an enterprise SAN. Whatever your reasons, here is a superb architecture around which to operate your business. Welcome to the Information Age.

References

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SAN Advantages

SAN Disadvantages

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