Please answer all questions (Arthur Langer\'s book - Guide to Software Developme

Question

Please answer all questions (Arthur Langer's book - Guide to Software Development):

1. Explain why ISO 9000 represents a system of procedures.

2. What are the three fundamental things that ISO 9000 tries to establish?

3. What are the overall benefits of ISO 9000?

4. How is ISO 9000 incorporated into the life cycle?

5. Why are work flows the most critical aspect of developing the ISO 9000 model?

6. Why are forms used in ISO 9000?

7. How are personnel affected by ISO 9000?

8. What is a job description matrix?

9. What steps are necessary for an organization to adopt ISO 9000?

10. Does ISO 9000 need to be implemented in all areas of the business? Explain.

Explanation / Answer

1. Explain why ISO 9000 represents a system of procedures.
ISO 9000 stands for the International Organization for Standardization,an organization formed in 1947 and based in Geneva.
As of this writing,91 members countries are associated with it.ISO 9000 was founded to establish international quality assurance
standards focused on processes rather than on products.ISO 9000 offers a method of establishing agreed-upon quality levels through
standard procedures in the production of goods and services.
A system of procedures should first be developed prior to implementing a life cycle that can ensure its adherence to the procedure.
These procedures also need to be measured on an ongoing basis.This book restricts its focus to the set of procedures that should
be employed in the analysis and design functions.
If analysts can create this level of self-actualization,then the group can begin the process of developing quality procedures that
can be measured for future improvement.The standard procedures should be governed by the group itself and the processes integrated into the
software life cycle of the organization.In fact,analysts should encourage other departments to follow the same procedures for
implementing their respective quality procedures.

2. What are the three fundamental things that ISO 9000 tries to establish?

The standards lay the foundation for a total quality management program by concentrating on three fundamental aspects:
implementing quality controls, documenting the various processes and procedures, and ensuring
that the appropriate quality emphasis is established and followed by everyone in the organization.

3. What are the overall benefits of ISO 9000?

ISO 9000 is set up as a collection of guidelines that help a company establish,maintain and improve a quality management system.
Companies become registered to ISO 9000 to meet customer demands and expectations,achieve increased quality levels,
obtain market advantage over competitors and meet the European Union's regulation requirements.
Benefits of ISO 9000 registration include higher perceived quality,improved customer satisfaction,competitive edge and
reduced customer quality audits.Internally,ISO 9000 registration brings better documentation,greater quality awareness,
positive cultural change and increased efficiency and productivity.

4. How is ISO 9000 incorporated into the life cycle?

The aim to manage the total life cycle of an organization's products and services towards more incorporated into Total Management System,
and now it.
The most significant challenges in analysis today is its role in the software life cycle.There has been much criticism of the lack of
discipline applied to software development projects and personnel in general,and we continue to be an industry that has a poor reputation
for delivering quality products on schedule. Although many organizations have procedures,few really follow them and fewer still have any
means of measuring the quality and productivity of software development.A system of procedures should first be developed prior to implementing
a life cycle that can ensure its adherence to the procedure. These procedures also need to be measured on an ongoing basis.This book restricts
its focus to the set of procedures that should be employed in the analysis and design functions.

5. Why are work flows the most critical aspect of developing the ISO 9000 model?

Workflow management software is a proactive computer system which manages the flow of work among participants,according to a defined
procedure consisting a number of tasks.It coordinates user and system participants,together with the appropriate data resources,
which may be accessible directly by the system or off-line,to achieve defined objectives by set deadlines.The coordination involves
passing tasks from participant to participant in correct sequence,ensuring that all fulfill their required contributions,
taking default actions when necessary.
Workflow should be regarded as a means for allowing decentralization of organizational structures.The aim of workflow analysis is to find
the right division of a given work process into tasks and an ordering among these tasks leading thus to the representation of a "procedure".

6. Why are forms used in ISO 9000?

A form is a place to record data and a form with data is now a record and a record provides objective evidence of data,
activities and in ISO 9001 it helps to establish evidence of conformance to QMS requirements.
Organizations must retain records which are legible,readily identifiable and retrievable.The 9000 Store offers a complete set of forms & Records.

7. How are personnel affected by ISO 9000?

The goal of ISO 9000 is to embed a quality management system within an organization,increasing productivity,reducing unnecessary costs,
and ensuring quality of processes and products.
Since the ISO 9000 quality management system affects all the areas and all personnel in the organization,training programs should be
structured for differentcategories of employees like senior managers,middle-level managers,supervisors and workers.
The organization shall determine and provide the resources needed
a) to implement and maintain the quality management system and continually improve its effectiveness, and
b) to enhance customer satisfaction by meeting customer requirements.

8. What is a job description matrix?

Job Matrix Creating a job description for each individual job role is key to building a culture where employees feel involved,motivated and trusted.
This matrix will help you pinpoint the key skills,knowledge and behaviours needed for each role.
The matrix has many possible applications,including performance management,recruitment,induction and the identification of learning and development
needs. It has five broad competency themes, with more detailed competencies under each heading.
In order to assist in the compilation of a procurement Job and Person Specification, a matrix has been developed to provide
appropriate descriptive phrases, competencies and attributes.The matrix can be used to build up the procurement Job and
Person Specification at the appropriate level.

9. What steps are necessary for an organization to adopt ISO 9000?

1. Top management commitment
2. Establish implementation team
3. Start ISO 9000 awareness programs
4. Provide Training
5. Conduct initial status survey
6. Create a documented implementation plan
7. Develop quality management system documentation
8. Document control
9. Implementation
10. Internal quality audit
11. Management review
12. Pre-assessment audit
13. Certification and registration
14. Continual Improvement

10. Does ISO 9000 need to be implemented in all areas of the business? Explain.

ISO 9000 is a set of international standards of quality management that have become increasingly popular for large and small companies like
"ISO is grounded on the 'conformance to specification' definition of quality," wrote Francis Buttle in the International Journal of Quality and
Reliability Management."The standards specify how management operations shall be conducted.ISO 9000's purpose is to ensure that suppliers design,
create and deliver products and services which meet predetermined standards;in other words,its goal is to prevent non-conformity.
"Used by both manufacturing and service firms,ISO 9000 had been adopted by morethan 100 nations as their national quality
The increased involvement of small and midsized firms in seeking ISO 9000 registration is generally attributed to several factors.
Many small businesses have decided to seek ISO 9000 certification because of their corporate customers,who began to insist on it as a method
of ensuring that their suppliers were paying adequate attention to quality.Other small business owners,meanwhile,have pursued ISO 9000 certification
in order to increase their chances of securing new business or simply as a means of improving the quality of their processes.
"The pressure for companies to become ISO 9000-certified is absolutely increasing and will continue to increase,"predicted one management consultant
in an interview with Nation's Business.management/quality assurance standard by the end of 1997.
Advantages:-
-> Increased marketability
-> Reduced operational expenses
-> Increased customer satisfaction
-> Attractiveness to investors
-> Better management control
-> Improved internal communication
-> Improved customer service
-> Reduction of product-liability risks
Dis-Advantages:-
-> Owners and managers do not have an adequate understanding of the ISO 9000 certification process or of the quality standards themselves
-> Funding for establishing the quality system is inadequate
-> Heavy emphasis on documentation
-> Length of the process

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