1. a. What are the ways in which we can keep a check on the number of duplicate

Question

1. a. What are the ways in which we can keep a check on the number of duplicate packets generated due to the Flooding Routing technique?

b. Though Flooding is not a very efficient routing method, it still finds use in a number of applications. Name at least 2 such applications you can think of.

c. Store and Forward Switches have an advantage over Cut-Through Switches. What is it?

d. Very briefly explain the Optimality Principle and the use of Spanning Trees in routing schemes.

e. Create a comparison table ( 4 comparisons) for Bridges, Switches, Routers, Gateways.

Explanation / Answer

a) Following are ways to keep a check on duplicate packets:

b) Applications of flooding:

c) Cut-through switches can suffer from a problem known as broadcast storms. This is because cut through switches just checks the destination address in the frame and start forwarding the frame before complete frame has arrived. Thus cut through switches may forward corrupted frames into the network degrading the performance of the network causing broadcast storms.

            Where as store and forward switches wait for whole frame to arrive, then it checks for error by cheking source address ,destination address & CRC. It forwards frame only if no errors are present. Thus store & forward ensures that network performance is not degraded by corrupted frames.

d) Optimality Principle: If router J is on the optimal path from router I to router K, then the optimal path from J to K also falls along the same route

Spanning Tree in routing protocols:

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