(a) What is the field of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) a
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Question
(a) What is the field of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) and what are some of its strategies to help deter crime in urban communities?
(b) What is risk management and how is it achieved?
(c) What is the risk assessment formula and how is it used?
(d) What are security surveys and audits, and how do they fit into the security design process?
(e) What are the points of security concern and how are they evaluated?
All the answers are in your required textbook and please, do not exceed one page and it should be double-spaced. Be precise and concise. List your references and make in-text citations per APA format.
Grading Rubric - Assignments
Maximum Points
1, Meets or exceeds established assignment criteria
45
2, Demonstrates an understanding of lesson concepts
45
3, Mechanics, punctuation, sentence structure, spelling that affects clarity, APA formatting
10
Total
100
Grading Rubric - Assignments
Maximum Points
1, Meets or exceeds established assignment criteria
45
2, Demonstrates an understanding of lesson concepts
45
3, Mechanics, punctuation, sentence structure, spelling that affects clarity, APA formatting
10
Total
100
Explanation / Answer
What is the field of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) and what are some of its strategies to help deter crime in urban communities?
Answer:
Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) [pronounced sep-ted] is the "proper design and effective use of the built environment that can lead to a reduction in the fear and incidence of crime, and an improvement in the quality of life."1 This definition by C. Ray Jeffrey reflects the expanded, current, more holistic perspective of CPTED,2 encompassing (1) the criminal offender perspective regarding an environment and the risk of getting caught when committing a crime and (2) the social dynamics, sense of ownership of the environment, and their associated protective actions by persons who work, live, or traverse the environment en route to another destination.
This definition and the associated principles of environmental design have been established over decades of research by Wood, Jacobs, Angel, Jeffrey, Newman, Saville and Cleveland.3 The work of these professionals has resulted in the identification and definitions of concepts which have proven to reduce crime, through deterrence because prevention is not possible, where implemented and improve the quality of life for individuals who inhabit those environments.
For example, Oscar Newman's research for the U. S. Department of Housing and Urban Development in the late 1960s included a 2, 740-unit public housing high rise development, Pruitt-Igoe, which never achieved more than 60% occupancy and was torn down about 10 years after its construction at a loss of $300 million, because it had rampant crime. Across the street, an older, smaller row-house complex, Carr Square Village, occupied by an identical population, was fully occupied and free of crime during and after the construction, occupancy, and demolition of Pruitt-Igoe. Newman's research regarding multiple communities, including Pruitt-Igoe, into what caused these differences in crime resulted in a new, but related, term of "defensible space."4 This concept of ownership as a deterrent to crime has been accepted by professionals in the field and incorporated into the current widely accepted CPTED definition by Jeffrey and the associated CPTED principles.
CPTED Concepts
Six concepts are cited in various references that support the design, construction, and utilization processes of an environment to effectively implement CPTED. Two of those concepts have been incorporated into the three CPTED principles noted below.
Earlier concepts that have been incorporated into the three major principles are:
Examples of CPTED Success
CPTED is a multi-disciplinary approach to the reduction of crime and the associated enhancement of the perception of personal safety by inhabitants of an environment. Because of their direct concern for these objectives, law enforcement agencies around the world have embraced these concepts and worked diligently within their communities and the local community resources to implement these principles in ways that are appropriate for their environments. Some cities, such as Federal Way, WA, have incorporated the CPTED design principles into their city code requirements for project design. Others utilize the concepts to guide businesses and homeowners to assess their environment and its characteristics to reduce opportunities for crime.11
Participants in CPTED Implementation
There are four general groups that use the CPTED concepts, environmental designers (e.g., architects, landscape architects), land managers (e.g., park managers), community action groups (e.g., neighborhood watch groups), and law enforcement groups (e.g., park rangers, metropolitan police.) No group alone can successfully implement these principles because each has a unique perspective and knowledge base. The combination of that knowledge into a unified approach is necessary for the creation of an environment that deters crime and creates an environment where persons want to live, work, and shop in and feel "ownership" so that they will do their part to ensure its protection.13 These groups must work with the city planners, commissioners, traffic engineers, and construction managers who must review the designs and implement the planned construction-hopefully in a manner that effectively implements the desired CPTED principles.
Community Benefits
There are definite benefits to the utilization of CPTED principles in a community for municipal leadership (ML), local law enforcement (LLE) and community residents (CR). Some of those listed in the Design Safer Communities Handbook are listed below:
The implementation of CPTED principles can help support community crime prevention goals. The implementation of the principles, when considered early in the design process for a community, does not increase the costs to residents or business owners. The decision process for the review and acceptance of a project will generally not be lengthened. If CPTED principles conflict with local building and fire codes, then a trained CPTED professional should be consulted to identify suitable alternatives. In some circumstances, the community design groups have worked to modify the local codes for future projects, to incorporate the CPTED principles and further enhance the safety and use of environments in that community.
CPTED Design and Planning Process
Depending on the scale of the development there are multiple stages of review and construction that take place. The following is a generic process that reflects key considerations in site design and instruction, and examples of CPTED concerns that should be addressed during each phase.
Pre-Design
Pre-Application Meeting: Some communities require a pre-application meeting to discuss and review the expected land use before the design process begins. Discussions on the location, siting, and design of new or remodeled facilities can reduce the costs of retrofitting a design to address the desired CPTED principles.
CPTED concerns are: Once the design has been established, changes may be limited to those required by law or policy-no matter how useful (from a CPTED viewpoint) they may be. Therefore, CPTED input before the plan is reviewed can save the owner a significant amount of money and time. Such a review is not a standard practice in municipal and corporate developments.
(b) What is risk management and how is it achieved?
Answer:
Risk management is the process of identifying, assessing and controlling threats to an organization's capital and earnings. These threats, or risks, could stem from a wide variety of sources, including financial uncertainty, legal liabilities, strategic management errors, accidents and natural disasters. IT security threats and data-related risks, and the risk management strategies to alleviate them, have become a top priority for digitizedcompanies. As a result, a risk management plan increasingly includes companies' processes for identifying and controlling threats to its digital assets, including proprietary corporate data, a customer's personally identifiable information and intellectual property
The ISO recommended the following target areas, or principles, should be part of the overall risk management process:
(d) What are security surveys and audits, and how do they fit into the security design process?
Answer:
Security Surveys
A Security Survey is a thorough physical examination of a facility and its operations with respect to personnel and company assets. We examine the risks these assets are exposed to, and review the measures that are in place to protect them and to mitigate liability. We identify vulnerabilities and make recommendations on how these can be improved. This can be relevant for new locations or existing facilities, particularly after a loss or incident has occurred.
Security Audits
A Security Audit differs from a survey in that it is a process to assess whether an existing security system and procedures are operating to set of standards or criteria they were designed to. It evaluates the administration of the system, security awareness of employees, the management controls and compliance with standards. This is a valuable tool to give an accurate overview to the senior management
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