pls first part is multiple choice 12. UML swimnlane diagrams allow you to repres

Question

pls first part is multiple choice 12. UML swimnlane diagrams allow you to represent the flow of activities by showing the actors having responsibility for creating each data element. a) True b) False 13. Spiral Model was developed by? a) Bev Littlewood b) Berry Bohem c) Roger Pressman d) Victor Bisili 14. Which model is popular for students small projects a) Waterfall Model b) Spiral Model c) Quick and Fix model d) Prototyping Model 15. Which is not a software life cycle model? a) Spiral Model b) Waterfall Model c) Prototyping Model d) Capability maturity Model 16. Project risk factor is considered in? a) Spiral Model b) Waterfall Model c) Prototyping Model d) Iterative enhancement Model 17. SDLC stands for? a) Software design life cycle b) Software development life cycle c) System design life cycle d) System development life cycle 18. Build and Fix model has? a) 3 Phases b) 1 Phases c) 2 Phases d) 4 Phases

Explanation / Answer

ans 12) TRUE

EXPLANATION: UML diagram represents flow from one activity to another.

ans 13) spiral binding was developed by barry bohem

ans 14)a) waterfall model

ans 15) d) capability maturity model

ans 16) project risk factor is considered in spiral model

ans 17) SDLC stands for software development life cycle

ans 18) RAD stands for rapid application development

PART 2)

ans 1)The project duration is the basic project management characteristic that is usually expressed in terms of working time units (hours, days, weeks, months, years). For example, a project's duration can be equal to 40 hours, or 5 days, or 1 workweek

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The selection and training of individuals for specific job functions, and charging them with the associated responsibilities.

ans 2)If a customer does not demand a quality product, he or she will probably not get one.

Quality Principle No. 2:
To consistently produce quality products, the developers must manage the quality of their work.

Quality Principle No. 3:
To manage product quality, the developers must measure quality.

Quality Principle No. 4:
The quality of a product is determined by the quality of the process used to develop it.

ans 3)

Software Quality Plan (SQP):

ans 4)  

Software Quality Attributes are: Correctness, Reliability, Adequacy, Learnability, Robustness, Maintainability, Readability, Extensibility, Testability, Efficiency, Portability.

Correctness: The correctness of a software system refers to:

- Agreement of program code with specifications
- Independence of the actual application of the software system.

The correctness of a program becomes especially critical when it is embedded in a complex software system.

Reliability: Reliability of a software system derives from

- Correctness
- Availability

The behavior over time for the fulfillment of a given specification depends on the reliability of the software system.

Reliability of a software system is defined as the probability that this system fulfills a function (determined by the specifications) for a specified number of input trials under specified input conditions in a specified time interval (assuming that hardware and input are free of errors).

A software system can be seen as reliable if this test produces a low error rate (i.e., the probability that an error will occur in a specified time interval.)

The error rate depends on the frequency of inputs and on the probability that an individual input will lead to an error.

Adequacy: Factors for the requirement of Adequacy:

- The input required of the user should be limited to only what is necessary. The software system should expect information only if it is necessary for the functions that the user wishes to carry out. The software system should enable flexible data input on the part of the user and should carry out plausibility checks on the input. In dialog-driven software systems, we vest particular importance in the uniformity, clarity and simplicity of the dialogs.

- The performance offered by the software system should be adapted to the wishes of the user with the consideration given to extensibility; i.e., the functions should be limited to these in the specification.

- The results produced by the software system: The results that a software system delivers should be output in a clear and wellstructured form and be easy to interpret. The software system should afford the user flexibility with respect to the scope, the degree of detail, and the form of presentation of the results. Error messages must be provided in a form that is comprehensible for the user.

Learnability: Learnability of a software system depends on:

- The design of user interfaces
- The clarity and the simplicity of the user instructions (tutorial or user manual).

The user interface should present information as close to reality as possible and permit efficient utilization of the software’s failures.

The user manual should be structured clearly and simply and be free of all dead weight. It should explain to the user what the software system should do, how the individual functions are activated, what relationships exist between functions, and which exceptions might arise and how they can be corrected. In addition, the user manual should serve as a reference that supports the user in quickly and comfortably finding the correct answers to questions.

Robustness: Robustness reduces the impact of operational mistakes, erroneous input data, and hardware errors.

A software system is robust if the consequences of an error in its operation, in the input, or in the hardware, in relation to a given application, are inversely proportional to the probability of the occurrence of this error in the given application.

- Frequent errors (e.g. erroneous commands, typing errors) must be handled with particular care.

- Less frequent errors (e.g. power failure) can be handled more laxly, but still must not lead to irreversible consequences.

Maintainability: Maintainability = suitability for debugging (localization and correction of errors) and for modification and extension of functionality.

The maintainability of a software system depends on its:

- Readability
- Extensibility
- Testability

Readability: Readability of a software system depends on its:

- Form of representation
- Programming style
- Consistency
- Readability of the implementation programming languages
- Structuredness of the system
- Quality of the documentation
- Tools available for inspection

Extensibility: Extensibility allows required modifications at the appropriate locations to be made without undesirable side effects. Extensibility of a software system depends on its:

- Structuredness (modularity) of the software system
- Possibilities that the implementation language provides for this purpose
- Readability (to find the appropriate location) of the code
- Availability of comprehensible program documentation

Testability: suitability for allowing the programmer to follow program execution (runtime behavior under given conditions) and for debugging. The testability of a software system depends on its:

- Modularity
- Structuredness

Modular, well-structured programs prove more suitable for systematic, stepwise testing than monolithic, unstructured programs.

Testing tools and the possibility of formulating consistency conditions (assertions) in the source code reduce the testing effort and provide important prerequisites for the extensive, systematic testing of all system components.

Efficiency: ability of a software system to fulfill its purpose with the best possible utilization of all necessary resources (time, storage, transmission channels, and peripherals).

Portability: the ease with which a software system can be adapted to run on computers other than the one for which it was designed.

ans 5)

A detailed plan stating stepwise strategy to achieve the listed objectives is an integral part of any project.
Planning consists of the following activities:

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