(2) Living on land has a high cost in the animal kingdom and requires a number o
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Question
(2) Living on land has a high cost in the animal kingdom and requires a number of very specific adaptations. a. Looking specifically at the class mammalia, how has the absolute demand of reproductive cells for a constant aqueous environment influenced the evolution of the reproductive system? b. List and describe all of the major physical and physiological specialization of the mammalian excretory system that center around the need to retain water in the body at as high a concentration as possible no matter what happens outside the body. (2) Living on land has a high cost in the animal kingdom and requires a number of very specific adaptations. a. Looking specifically at the class mammalia, how has the absolute demand of reproductive cells for a constant aqueous environment influenced the evolution of the reproductive system? b. List and describe all of the major physical and physiological specialization of the mammalian excretory system that center around the need to retain water in the body at as high a concentration as possible no matter what happens outside the body.Explanation / Answer
(2) a. Absolute demand of reproductive cells for a constant aqueous environment influenced the evolution of the reproductive system as follows- A living reproductive cell is a lipid-encapsulated sol which produces a large array of macromolecules including proteins, nuclein acids and polysacharides. The lipid component of cells do not exist as co-valent oligomers or polymers but, instead co-aggregate to form micelles or lipid bilayers important for compartmentalizing various aqueos environments. The remaining fundamental component of cell form a variety of different bipolymers which subserve different functions primarily informational(DNA), structural(RNA,protein), enzymatic (protein, carbohydrate) and energy storage(carbohydrate). The primary functions of the various macromolecules reflect accurately the major structural characteristics of the constitutive molecules : a structure-function relationship which is dependant upon variations in both molecular size and propensity for either lipophilic or aqueous environments. This is the fundamental backdrop against which glycosilation acn be seen to act out its elusive role.
(2) b. Mammalian excretory system is highly specialized for performing various functions in our body. A mammal cannot survive if it lacks the excretory system. Some of the functions are described here.
The excretory system is a passive biological system that removes excess, unnecessary materials from the body fluids of an organism. They help in maintaining homeostasis. The kidneys remove the nitrogenous wastes such as urea from the blood, and salts and excess water are also removed from the blood and excreted in the form of urine. This is done by the help of millions of nephrons present in the kidney.
The kidney's primary function is the elimination of waste from the bloodstream by production of urine. They perform several homeostatic functions such as:- maintain volume of extracellular fluid, maintain ionic balance in extracellular fluid, maintain pH and osmotic concentration of the extracellular fluid, excrete toxic metabolic by-products such as urea, ammonia, and uric acid.
The regulation process of body fluids and salt levels is also called osmoregulation. The kidneys act as a filter. Eventually all of the blood in your body passes through the kidneys and they are able to do their filtering magic. The kidneys pull harmful molecules out of your bloodstream and leave the ones that are good for you.
The kidneys are also key players in the hydration (water) levels for your body. Let's say you are in the desert and you haven't been drinking much water. Chemical signals are sent to your kidneys to reabsorb as much water as possible. The result is less urine creation and your body loses less water.
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