Question 1. 1. There are phalanges in both the lower limbs and upper limbs. (Poi

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Question 1.1. There are phalanges in both the lower limbs and upper limbs. (Points : 2)        TRUE
       FALSE Question 2.2. What criterion is used to categorize the skeleton into axial and appendicular? (Points : 2)        whether the bones are weight bearing or not
       whether the bones lie on the midline or on a girdle
       whether the bones are flat or long
       whether the bones contain red bone marrow or yellow bone marrow
       whether the bones articulate with the pelvis or not Question 3.3. What two hormones are involved in regulating the blood calcium level? (Points : 2)        calcitonin and renin
       renin and aldosterone
       renin and PTH
       aldosterone and PTH
       PTH and calcitonin Question 4.4. Bones can change shape/remodel throughout a lifetime. (Points : 2)        TRUE
       FALSE Question 5.5. Jill broke her cheekbone in an ice skating accident. Which bone did she break? (Points : 2)        temporal bone
       mandible
       maxilla
       zygomatic bone
       frontal bone Question 6.6. Exercise stimulates the activity of osteoclasts instead of osteoblasts. (Points : 2)        TRUE
       FALSE Question 7.7. Which function of the skeleton do the rib cage, vertebral column, and skull represent? (Points : 2)        support the body
       protect soft body parts
       produce blood cells
       store minerals and fats
       permit flexible body movement Question 8.8. Which bone is part of the pelvic girdle? (Points : 2)        coxal bones
       clavicle
       femur
       scapula
       talus Question 9.9. Which bone is part of the pectoral girdle? (Points : 2)        clavicle
       radius
       ulna
       carpals
       manubrium Question 10.10. The epiglottis is a structure that needs to be strong but extremely flexible. What type of tissue makes up the epiglottis? (Points : 2)        elastic cartilage
       fibrocartilage
       hyaline cartilage
       bone
       muscle Question 11.11. Which of the following is not associated with a synovial joint? (Points : 2)        bursae
       menisci
       ligaments
       fibrocartilage
       fibrous capsule Question 1.1. There are phalanges in both the lower limbs and upper limbs. (Points : 2)        TRUE
       FALSE

Explanation / Answer

1.1 True. The phalanges are the bones that are present in fingers of hand and toes of foot. Carpals, metacarpals, proximal, intermediate and distal phalanges are all part of the phalanges of hand. Tarsals, metatarsals, proximal, intermediate and distal phalanges make up the toe of foot.

2.2 The criterion used to categorize the skeleton into axial and appendicular is whether the bones lie on the midline or on a girdle. Axial skeleton is present in the axis of the body, whereas appendicular skeleton protrudes out from this axis.

3.3 Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and Calcitonin. PTH enhances blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast activity, whereas calcitonin decreases blood calcium level by inhibiting osteoclast activity and increases retention of calcium by the kidneys.

4.4 False. Bones cannot change shape, but can remodel throughout a life time. The remodelling process repais the damages to the skeleton by replacing areas of minor damages or cracks.

5.5 Zygomatic bone is referred to as cheek bone. It is convex and is perforated at its center to allow passage of zygomatic facial nerve and blood vessels.

6.6 False. Exercise stimulates osteoblast activity. A bone is formed in response to a stress placed on it. Exercise stimulates osteoblasts to increase bone density to tolerate the stress.

7.7 The rib cage, vertebral column and skull represent all the functions listed. The rib cage and skull protect soft body parts, vertebral column protects the spinal cord.  Besides, vertebral column permit flexible body movement also. Bones of these three regions are sites for blood cells formation. Their bones store Calcium, Magnesium and Phosphorus .

8.8 Femur. the head of femur is joined to ileum by pubofemoral ligament.

9.9 Clavicle. Humans have clavicle and scapula in the pectoral girdle, whereas some mammals like dogs and horses have scapula only.

10.10 Elastic cartilage . It contains the elastic fibers made of elastin, and networks of collagen.

11.11. Fibrocartilage. Synovial joints contain hyaline cartilage that functions to absorb shock and reduce friction during the jooint movement.

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