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Amphibians (frogs, toads, salamanders, and newts) are declining worldwide. Two h

ID: 47466 • Letter: A

Question

Amphibians (frogs, toads, salamanders, and newts) are declining worldwide. Two hypotheses for why this is happening are pesticides and predators. To test these hypotheses, scientists raised several frog species as tadpoles in small ponds. Ponds had no predators, predatory newts, or predatory beetle larvae; in addition, ponds were exposed to either the insecticide malathion or the herbicide Roundup, two globally common pesticides. The scientists then monitored subsequent survival of the tadpoles in each pond. Consider the following figure:

What is/are the independent variable(s) in this study?

            Predators

            Pesticides

            Predators and pesticides

            Tadpole survival

What is/are the dependent variable(s) in this study?

Predators

            Pesticides

            Predators and pesticides

            Tadpole survival

How many different treatment combinations are there in this experimental design?

            Two

            Three

            Six

            Nine

Which treatment would you consider to be the ?control??

            No pesticide

            No predator

            No pesticide, no predator

            No tadpole

Which treatment appears to have had the greatest impact on tadpole survival?

            No pesticide, no predator

            Newts, roundup

            Beetles, Malathion

            Cannot be determined

Not considering pesticides, what effect did predators have on tadpole survival?

            Positive

            Negative

            None

            Depends on the predator

Not considering predators, what effect did pesticides have on tadpole survival?

            Positive

            Negative

            None

            Depends on the pesticide

Based on these results, what decision would you make regarding pesticides if you were a resource manager?

            Ban both

            Ban only roundup

            Ban only malathion

            Ban neither

Explanation / Answer

Pesticides

Tadpole survival

Nine

No pesticide, no predator

Newts, roundup

Depends on the predator

Negative

Ban only roundup

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