For two of these classes of noise give a physical explanation for what caused th

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Question

For two of these classes of noise give a physical explanation for what caused the noise, an equation that describes the noise, and some method or way to remove the noise from an instrument. (Removing noise does not include post-acquisition massaging of data - that is the next problem.) Describe two methods that can be used to reduce noise from instrumental Data AFTER the data has been obtained. Describe two methods that can be used to reduce noise from an instrumental method AS the data is being obtained

Explanation / Answer

There are four classes of instrumental noise. For two of these classes of noises are-

1. Thermal or Johnson noise – This type of noise is caused by random motions of electrons in any part of the circuit.

Equation for noise= Vrms()f

Ways to eliminate the noise from an instrument-

i) Lower the temperature of the circuit (T)

ii) Lower the resistance of the circuit (R)

ii) Reduce the range of frequencies analyzed.

2. Shot noise - This type of noise is caused by random fluctuations of electrons jumping at any junction in the circuit.

Equation- Irms =

Ways to eliminate the noise from an instrument-

i)Lower the current i in the circuit .

Reduce the range of frequencies ()f.

Two methods that can be used to reduce noise from instrumental data after the data has been obtained

are -

i) Ensemble averaging - In ensemble averaging, sets of data are obtained and averaged together to reduce random fluctuations in the signal.

ii) Boxcar averaging - Average data from points taken closely together in time to get a number with less noise.

Two methods that can be used to reduce noise from an instrumental method AS the data is being obtained -

Ensemble averaging-Technically we do the processing after the data is obtained, but still we need to know we are going to do this as we acquire the data so we make the multiple runs and save the data.

Boxcar averaging, here we adjusted the boxcar average of the photodiode array spectrometer to eliminate noise in instrument.

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For two of these classes of noise give a physical explanation for what caused th

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