Can you help me answer these prelab questions at the bottom of the second page p

Question

Can you help me answer these prelab questions at the bottom of the second page please.
I included the procedure and introduction so you understand the questions
Chemistry 222 Laboratory: Introduction CHEM 222 PSL, 8 thesis of Soa Introduction In gone soap was made by beating water, wood ashes and the rendered ki Animal down fat of the latest fats are rich in triglycerides (glycerol esters) and wood ashes are a source of NaOH and KOH. When this combination is heated together in water, the ester groups of the fat undergo nucleophilic attack by the hydroxide release glycerol and three molecules oflong chain carboxyl acids as sodium and potassium salt (soap!). Base catalyzed ester hydrolysis their is called saponification (soaponification Today, we shall be substituting cooking oils for bear unless you have personal supply of bear fat) and NaOH for wood fat a ashes to make soap. The soap making industry has recently become very popular as many of the techniques lend themselves to small scale operations and the popularity with Farmer Market entrepreneurs. One of the most commonly used websites for formulations is It provides a large repository of soap recipes, manufacturing hints and discussion areas for new and experienced soap makers. Technically there are 2 major soap manufacturing processes: 1) Cold Press: Ingredients (oils) and lye (NaoH/KoE) and water are prepared and heated to the same temp. (45-60 Celsius). They are combines slowly and then stirred vigorously to a light trace'. consistency of runny pudding/custard, where a 'trace can be left in the solution that lasts momentarily) The soap is then transferred into a mold and removed within 24-48 hours. Soap must then be aged for 5-6 weeks 2) Hot Press: Ingredients are mixed and "cooked' for up to one-two hour (a 65-85 degrees. The soap reaches a heavy trace and is pushed spatulaed into a process is much less before soap is ready for use.

Explanation / Answer

Prelab

1. Trace is refered to the oil left in the soap that has not been saponified during cold processing. In cold processing due to the slow hydrolysis process, some oil may get stuck into the soap and stay like that.

2. Cold processing as is carried out at lower temperature requires longer times to fully saponify the oil as compared to hot process which works much faster. This is de to the fact that at lower temperature the rate of reaction slows down considerably as the molecular speed and thus ultimate collision frequency goes down.

3. Super fating is a method by which soaps are made into a much smoother texture for skin usage. Here extra oil is present in the soap that has ot been saponified. It is also referred to as lye discount as the lye content may be less in the particular soap for incomplete saponification.

4. NaOH solution is soapy and highly corrsive in nature. Care must be taken such that no NaOH solution gets in contact with your skin. In case of exposure, one must carfully wash away hands with excessive water.

5. Soaps are a combination of polar heads (the carboxylate) and a non-polar hydrocarbon chains. when put in water, they form self-assembled structures called micelle with polar heads pointing outwards. Dirt which is non-polar in nature preferentially gets dissolved in the non-polar core of this micellar structure and gets washed away along with soap with water.

Related Questions

Navigate

• Browse (All)
• Browse C
• Subjects

---

---

Integrity-first tutoring: explanations and feedback only — we do not complete graded work. Learn more.