8. Please provide correct solution. Preferentially done by hand or on paper. 21.

Question

8. Please provide correct solution. Preferentially done by hand or on paper. 21. What is an advantage of a closed circulatory system over an open circulatory system? A closed system requires decreased energy costs due to the hydrostatic propulsion of blood through circulatory vessels. b. A closed system is less prone to viral invasion & infection c. A closed system is more able to control the flow of blood. d. A closed system eliminates the need for skeletal muscle contractions to boost venous return. A closed system eliminates any type of plasma leakage. 22. Innate immunity is activated immediately upon infection. depends on an infected animal's previous exposure to the same pathogen. is based on recognition of antigens that are specific to different pathogens is found only in vertebrate animals is found only in jawed vertebrate animals. b. d. 23. The bulk of CO2 transport in venous blood occurs as __ located . The enzyme that catalyzes its formation is located a. HCO3; inside RBC. inside RBC b. COz; in the plasma. in the plasma. HCOs; in the plasma. inside RBC HCO3; inside RBC in the plasma. CO2 bound to hemoglobin. in the plasma d. 24. Among vertebrates, a large increase in the ratio of area of gas exchange membrane area versus body size occurred in--and this most likely is due to amphibians but not fish; the use of lungs needed to breathe air reptiles but not amphibians; the ventilation of lungs via negative pressure breathing. mammals & birds but not fish, amphibians & reptiles; the high demands of homeothermic metabolism Birds but not mammals, extremely high metabolic demands of flight. a. b. c. d. 25. Choose the order of modes of respiration that ranks them from most efficient to least efficient in extracting the largest percentage of oxygen from the medium. a. b. c. d. Cross-current (birds) > tidal ventilation (mammals)> countercurrent in fish. Countercurrent in fish > cross-current (birds) > tidal ventilation (mamma Cross-current (birds) = tidal ventilation (mammals) > countercurrent in fish. Countercurrent in fish > cross-current (birds) = tidal ventilation (mammals) Tidal ventilation (mammals) > cross-current (birds)> countercurrent in fish. ls) urrent in fish > cross-current (birds) tidal ventilation (mammals). Essentially when In lecture a novel gas exchange mechanism employed by diving beetles was discussed. they dive a bubble of air acts like a physical gill. Select the statement that best describes oxygen transfer Both the air bubble and the water have an initial partial pressure of oxygen (Poxygen) 21 atm. Initially 02 diffuses from the bubble into the water; later O, diffuses from the water into the bubbl itially 02 diffuses from the water into the bubble; later 02 diffuses from the water into the bubble. In Initially O, diffuses from the bubble into the water; later O: diffuses from the bubble into the water b. Initially 0z diffuses from the bub Initially there is no diffusion between the bubble and the water; later O2 diffuses from the water into the bubble. Initially there is no diffusion between the bubble and the water, later O2 diffuses from the bubble into the water d. e. the wate

Explanation / Answer

1. E. Blood plasma and cytoplasm are fairly similar in the oncotic pressure since cells will either burst or shrink if the solution is not isotonic. The ion composition of the blood plasma and cytoplasm are also similar. The ions present are sodium, potassium, chloride and calcium.

2. D. Babies do not shiver but produce heat by non shivering thermogenesis in brown fat tissue. Vasoconstriction occurs when exposure to cold occurs.

3. C. Training at high altitudes increases the number of RBC in the blood. This helps them to compete better at sea level since more oxygen by the large number of RBC.

4. E. Columnar cells are present in the intestine whcih help in the secretion of some proteins while squamous cells are present in the endothelial cells of the capillaries.

5. A. The vessels with warm blood are present next to the vessels with cold blood. This helps the heat to transfer to the cold blood. The currents are in the opposite direction. Hence it is called countercurrent.

6. B. AS the size of the animal increases, the surface area to volume decreases. This reduces the evaporation and also the metabolic rate of the animal.

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