I have a genetics exam tomorrow and I would really appreciate having these thing

Question

I have a genetics exam tomorrow and I would really appreciate having these things dumb downed and explained to me.

This isn't homework, these is learning objectives and I would greatly appreciate the help

Explain the cytogenetic and inheritance features associated with inversions, deletions, duplications and translocations

Decribe the genertic consequences of each of the four chromosomal rearrgangements (inversions, deletions, duplications and translocation)

Define the difference between aneuploidy and euploidy and how each effects mitosis

Compare how aneuploidy and euploidy affect the viability of the organism

Explanation / Answer

** Extremely lengthy question. Kindly cut it short for better explanation.

Inheritance features associated with most mutations- Most mutations occur as an accident. They are present in every cell of the body. All of them are inherited (Inversion, deletion, duplication, and translocation.). This means if the mutation is present in the parents, then it will be present in the offspring also. This is reason, why parents are used as sample of chromosome studies when the child is diagnosed of the some problem.

Genetic consequences of Inversion- In inversion, a portion of chromosome is broken. After breaking, it is overturned, and due to this overturning the chromosome is inverted , as the name implies.

Genetic consequences of deletions- in this , a part (generally a small part) of chromosome is deleted.

Genetic consequences of duplications- In this, extra genetic material is found, when found out by quantitative analysis. Actually, a part of chromosome is duplicated in this.

Genetic consequences of translocations- A part of chromosome is cut off from one chromosome, and moves freely inside the nucleus. It may move here and there and attach to any other chromosome.

Difference between aneuploidy and euploidy - Aneuploidy is difference in chromosome number while euploidy is difference in the entire set (genome number) of an individual.During mitosis, aneuploidy or aberrant aneuploidy leads to non-disjunction of chromosomes. This is the major cause of most of the birth defects. In aberrant euploidy, is generally beneficial in case of plants. Such plants have greater number of genome and hence chromosomes in their nucleus eg: wheat is hexaploid. During mitosis, a diploid cell converts into 2 diploid cells. In aberrant euploidy, a triploid cell will convert into 2 triploid cells. Whole genome is duplicated.

Due of aneuploidy organism viability is reduced, while due to euploidy organism viability is increased.

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