Glucagon has effect on glycogen break down. a. Positive b. Negative Accumulation

Question

Glucagon has effect on glycogen break down. a. Positive b. Negative Accumulation of NADH has effect on TCA cycle. a. Positive b. Negative Ca++ has effect on activity of TCA cycle enzymes. A. Positive b. Negative ATP are made in TCA cycle via substrate level phosphorylation. A. 2 b. 6 c. 24 d. 32 According to Chemiosmotic theory drives ATP production in electron transport chain. a. Gradient of Hydrogen ions b. Gradient to ATP c. Gradient of oxaloacetate d. oxygen Shuttle systems are crucial because they allow a. oxygen to enter the cell b. ATP to enter mitochondria c. NADH to enter mitochondria d. All of the above Last acceptor of electrons in electron transport chain is a. O2 b. Water c CO2 d. Glucose

Explanation / Answer

23. positive

Several hormones affect glycogen metabolism such as Glucagon and epinephrine trigger the breakdown of glycogen. Mechanism is as follows

The epinephrine and glucagon binds to specific 7TM receptors in the plasma membranes of muscle and liver cells. The Epinephrine binds to the -adrenergic receptor in muscle and glucagon binds to the glucagon receptor. This binding activate the subunit of the heteromeric Gs protein. The GTP-bound form of the subunit of Gs activates adenylate cyclase that catalyzes the formation of the AMP from ATP. The elevated cytosolic level of cyclic AMP activates protein kinase A through the binding of cyclic AMP to the regulatory subunits which then dissociate from the catalytic subunits. Protein kinase A phosphorylates the subunit of phosphorylase kinase, which subsequently activates glycogen phosphorylase.

24. Negative

High concentrations of acetyl CoA and NADH and ultimate (ATP) products inhibit the activity of TCA.

25. positive

Pyruvate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase are strongly activated by increases in Ca ion concentration.

26. 2 per molecule of glucose

Substrate-level phosphorylation can be defined as the process in which ATP is synthesized as a result of the oxidation of the substrate without the participation of any external electron donor (NADH) or external electron acceptor (O2).

27. gradient of hydrogen ions.

28. NADH to enter mitrochondria

29. O2

oxygen is last acceptor

Related Questions

Navigate

• Browse (All)
• Browse G
• Subjects

---

---

Integrity-first tutoring: explanations and feedback only — we do not complete graded work. Learn more.