Which of the following factors contributes to the lower ionization energy of the

Question

Which of the following factors contributes to the lower ionization energy of the higher atomic number elements in a family in the periodic table? A. greater distance of outer electrons from the nucleus B. larger nuclei C. smaller number of valence electrons D. more protons in the nucleus E. decreased shielding The effective nuclear charge experienced by the outermost electron of Na is different than the effective nuclear charge experienced by the outermost electron of Ne. This difference best accounts for which of the following? a) Na has a greater density at standard conditions than Ne. b) Na has a lower first ionization energy than Ne. c) Na has a higher melting point than Ne. d) Na has a higher neutron-to-proton ratio than Ne. e) Na has fewer naturally occurring isotopes than Ne. Which of the following scientists are appropriately associated with their experiments? I. Bohr: line emission spectrum II. Planck: ultraviolet catastrophe III. Einstein: photoelectric effect IV. Thomson: cathode ray tube V. de Broglie: standing wave A. I, III, V only B. I, II only C. I, HIV only D. Ill, IV, V only E. all

Explanation / Answer

31) factors responsible for lower ionization energy,

A) Greater distance of outer electron from the nucleus. when the distance between electron and the nucleus increases, then the energy required to remove the electron from outer orbital is less. Therefore the ionization energy will be less.

B) Larger nuclei - Whenever the size of nuclei increases then the attraction of outer electron also will increase. Therefore this factor will increase the ionization energy.

C) Smaller number of valence electrons - here, if it is a stable configuration then the ionization energy would be high. the orbital is exactly half filled or fully filled known as stable electronic configuration. If we take s orbital halfilled configuration means one electron is enough (which is the smaller number of electrons can be accommodated in s orbital).

D) More number of protons in the nucleus - which increase the nuclear charge. If the nuclear charge increases then the attraction of outer electrons would also be increased. Therefore the ionization energy will increases.

E) Decreased shielding

The inner electrons present in shells between nucleus and valence shell reduce the attraction between nucleus and the outermost electrons. This shielding effect depends upon the number of inner electrons. Larger the number of electrons in the inner shells, the greater is the screening effect. If Shielding effect is high it is easy to remove an electron from outer orbital. Here Decreased shielding will increase the ionization energy.

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