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1. At what rate is heterozygosity expected to be lost in a population (Ne=9000) if H=0.31 in a sample taken from that population?

2. In an inbred population (F = 0.3) otherwise obeys HWE assumptions, two alleles are present (A1 = 0.72). What is the expected proportion of heterozygous individuals?

3. The frequency of A1 among continental populations of bats is 0.94. On a nearby island, the frequency of A1 is 0.4. There are approximately 100 bats on the island, and each generation an average of one bat migrates from the continent to the island. How does the frequency of A1 on the island change from one generation to the next?         

3b. What is the rate of change of the allele frequency on the island as a function of migration?

7. In a sample of 48 bats, 18 were observed to be heterozygous. If allele frequencies are 0.65 and 0.35, is the population in HWE?         

Explanation / Answer

1). The rate of loss of losing heterozygosity in a given population per each generation is = 1/2NeI,

where NeI = inbred effective population size = 9000

The relation between loss of heterozygosity and effective population size is always inversely proportional. The lesser the Ne size, the faster will be loss of heterozygosity. In this case, it is equal to, 0.00005555 per generation.

2. Hardy and Weinberg mathematically proved that in a population, all dominant and recessive alleles comprise all alleles for that gene.

This was mathematically represented as p+ q = 1.0

Where,

p = frequency of dominant alleles

q = frequency of recessive alleles.

Hardy and Weinberg also described all the possible genotypes for a gene with two alleles. The binomial expansion representing this is, p2+ 2pq + q2= 1.0

Where,

p2 = proportion of homozygous dominant individuals

q2 = proportion of homozygous recessive individuals

2pq = proportion of heterozygotes.

Given that the frequency of A1 allele = 0.72, thus the frequency of A2 allele will be 1-0.72 = 0.28.

The frequency of individuals with heterozygote allels = 2* 0.72* 0.28 = 0.4032

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