Periodicity of Chemical If you had two ingots of equal size, one Hf and the othe
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Periodicity of Chemical If you had two ingots of equal size, one Hf and the other Zs, how could you determine which is which? b. 19. A mystery element is expensive because it is not readily available on the surface of the earth. It has a high density and can be scratched by glass and iron. It can be melted in a chromium or vanadium crucible. It forms the chloride MCly, Predict the identity of the mystery element and state your reasons for making this conclusion. 20. Copper is used for electrical wiring. If copper became scarce, what element would best substitute? Explain your reasoning. 21. Answer the questions below using a plot of ionization energy versus atomic number. a. Define ionization energy. b. Explain why the ionization energy increases from Al to Ar. Explain why there is a decrease in ionization energy from Mg to Al. c.Explanation / Answer
21. Ionization energy trend in periodic table
a. Ionization energy : Is the energy required to loose an electron from a neutral atom to form cation.
b. As we go from left to right in the periodic table from Al to Ar, more electrons are added without increasing the number of shells around the nucleus. The electrons are more tightly held by the increased nuclear charge. The atoms reach a state of octet (full valence shell) as we move from left to right from Al to Ar. The size of atoms decrease due to this increased nuclear attraction for the valence electrons and this makes it difficult to loose. Thereby ionization energy increases.
c. As we go from Mg to Al, we are adding a shell around the nucleus. This increases the distance between the positively charged nucleus and the valence electrons. Thereby lesser energy is needed to remove the outer electron in Al. Whereas, in Mg the outer shell is complete with 2s electrons. s orbital is closer to the nucleus and thus greater ionization energy is seen.
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